تبیین تاثیر فرم شهری بر تاب آوری در برابر سوانح، محدوده مورد مطالعه: کلانشهر تهران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتراى شهرسازى، دانشکده شهرسازى، دانشکدگان هنرهاى زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 استاد دانشکده شهرسازى، دانشکدگان هنرهاى زیبا دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

3 استاد دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

فرم شهری به عنوان الگوی توزیع فضایی فعّالیّتهای انسان می‌تواند نقش مهمی در ارتقا و یا کاهش تاب‌آوری شهری در برابر سوانح ایفا کند. یکی از سوالاتی که در مورد نحوه ارتباط این دو موضوع مطرح می شود این است که آیا فرم شهری در یک مقیاس خاص که متشکل از مولفه‌ها و شاخص‌های مختلف است، می تواند به عنوان یک بعد از تاب‌آوری در کنار دیگر ابعاد آن از قبیل بعد اجتماعی، اقتصادی، زیست‌محیطی، زیرساختی، جامعه‌ای و نهادی در نظر گرفته‌شود و یا فقط برخی از مولفه‌های فرم شهری بر ابعاد تاب‌آوری تاثیر دارند. ازآنجایی که مدل‌سازی این امکان را فراهم می کند که متغیرها از چه مسیرهایی بر یکدیگر اثر می گذارند و اینکه اثرگذاری با چه شدت و جهتی است، در این پژوهش کلانشهر تهران و ۳۶۸ محله آن به عنوان محدوده مطالعاتی انتخاب شد. پس از تبیین مولفه‌‌ها و ابعاد فرم شهری و تاب‌آوری با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی در سطح محلات،  با تدوین دو مدل معادلات ساختاری، ارتباطات میان فرم شهری و تاب‌آوری و مولفه‌های آنها تبیین شد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که با وجود اینکه شاخص ترکیبی فرم شهری ارتباط معنی داری با تاب‌آوری ندارد، مولفه‌های فرم شهری در سطح محلات بر ابعاد تاب‌آوری تاثیرات متفاوتی می‌گذارند.


کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing how urban form effects on Disaster City Resilience: at Tehran Metropolis Neighborhoods

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elnaz Baghernezhad 1
  • Esfandiar Zebardast 2
  • Mohammad Mehdi Azizi 3
1 Ph.D. in Urban Planning, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran.Tehran,Iran
2 Professor, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran.Tehran,Iran.
3 Professor, School of Urban Plannig, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Urban form as the physical structure of the city, directly affects its ability in confronting natural disasters. Besides, as the spatial and physical presentation of human activities is the main context for various social, economic, and environmental aspects of urban resilience. Nevertheless, resilient urban form is still unknown in city resilient literature and despite the abundance of studies on urban resilience, research on the link between this quality and urban form is limited and fragmented. Resilience literature has defined resilient city charactresics and has set social, economic, infrastructural, institutional, environmental and community domains to achieve disaster resilient city. In order to understand how urban form can affect city resilience, this research based on resilient city characteristics, redefines urban form qualities such as robustness, redundancy, modularity, diversity, and efficiency as resilient urban form qualities. Thus, this study sheds more light on the relationship between urban form and resilience by assessing the relationship between these two phenomena to find out whether urban form can be one of resilience domains or only resilience domains can be affected by urban form’s components, based on explanatory, experimental and exploratory methodologies. The study area is Tehran metropolis and explicitly focuses on its 368 Neighborhoods. For this purpose, first, community disaster resilience in Tehran metropolis is assessed. In this regard, a set of resilient indicators extracted from three evaluation models (BRIC، CRI و CDRI) were used to evaluate and construct a resilient composite index for Tehran metropolis. By using exploratory factor analysis, the resilience dimensions are shown in four social, infrastructure, economic performance, and community domains. Second, urban form components are evaluated in the scale of a neighborhood, explaining six factors of denseness, green and vacant area accessibility, non-permeability, retail accessibility, plot accessibility and transit accessibility. Then, to achieve the main objective of this research, evaluation of the relationship between urban form and resilience, structural equation modeling (SEM) are applied. Therefore, in the present study, to find the relationship between resilience and urban form, two structural equation models are designed in AMOS software and analyzed by path analysis method. In the first model, urban form and resilience were considered as hidden variables, each of which was introduced based on its respective components and dimensions. As this relationship wasnot significant, the urban form cannot be considered as one of the dimensions of resilience. Then, the relationship between the components of the urban form and the resilience dimensions in the second model was analyzed to obtain the relationships between them. The results show that (1) none of the urban form components has significant effect on community resilience, (2) urban form components play different roles on various domains of urban resilience, in which denseness component as a major component of urban form has positive impact on infrastructure resilience but access to plot has significant impact on social resilience as a main domain of resilience. The other two urban form components such as transit and retail accessibility have positive impact on three social, infrastructure and economic performance. In sum, however urban form cannot be defined as an individual domain of urban disaster resilience, its elements and components have a significant impact on different aspects of resilience and resilient policies.


کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Urban Form
  • City Resilience
  • Tehran Metropolis Neighborhoods

مراجع

باقرنژاد، الناز، عزیزی، محمدمهدی. (۱۳۹۹). توزیع فضایی تاب‌آوری در برابر سوانح در سطح محلات کلانشهر تهران، هویت شهر، ۴۲،صص ۵- ۱۸.
باقرنژاد، الناز، زبردست، اسفندیار، عزیزی، محمدمهدی. (۱۳۹۹). تبیین شاخص‌ها، کیفیت‌های فرم‌شهری و توزیع فضایی آن‌ها در سطح محلات کلانشهر تهران، نامه هنر معماری و شهرسازی، ۲۶،صص ۵-۲۲.
داداشپور، هاشم، عادلی، زینب (1394). سنجش ظرفیتهای تاب آوری در مجموعه ی شهری قزوین. دوفصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی مدیریت بحران، 8،صص 73–84.
رضایی، محمدرضا، مجتبی، رفیعیان، حسینی، سیدمصطفی (1394). سنجش و ارزیابی میزان تاب‌آوری کالبدی اجتماع‌های شهری در برابر زلزله، مطالعه موردی: محله‌های شهر تهران. پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، ۴۷(۴)،صص ۶۰۹-۶۲۳.
زبردست، ‌اسفندیار، عزیزی،‌ محمدمهدی، باقرنژاد، الناز. (۱۳۹۹). تبیین ارتباط فرم‌شهری با تاب‌آوری در برابر سوانح در سطح محلات کلانشهر تهران. مسکن و محیط روستا، شماره ۱۷۰،صص ۱۵-۲۸.
سازمان فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات شهرداری تهران (۱۳۹۲). نقشه‌های کاربری زمین شهر تهران.
شهرداری تهران (1390). مطالعه سنجش عدالت و عوامل مرتبط با آن‌ در شهر تهران (Urban-HEART1) ، تهران.
مرکز آمار ابران (1390). سرشماری نفوس و مسکن شهر تهران در سطح بلوک‌های آماری، تهران.
Ahern, J. (2013). Urban landscape sustainability and resilience: the promise and challenges of integrating ecology with urban planning and design. Landscape Ecol, 28, 1203–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9799-z
Ahern, J. (2011). From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4), 341–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.021
Ainuddin, S., & Kumar, J. (2012). Community resilience framework for an earthquake prone area in Baluchistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.07.003
Allan, P., Bryant, M., Wirsching, C., Garcia, D., Allan, P., Bryant, M., … Rodriguez, M. T. (2013). The Influence of Urban Morphology on the Resilience of Cities Following an Earthquake The Influence of Urban Morphology on the Resilience of. Journal of Urban Design, 18(2), 242–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2013.772881
Boer, R., Zheng, Y., Overton, A., Ridgeway, G. K., & Cohen, D. A. (2007). Neighborhood Design and Walking Trips in Ten U.S. Metropolitan Areas. American Journal of Preventive
Burton, C. G. (2015). A Validation of Metrics for Community Resilience to Natural Hazards and Disasters Using the Recovery from Hurricane Katrina as a Case Study. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 105(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2014.960039
Cervero, R., Sarmiento, O. L., Jacoby, E., Gomez, L. F., & Neiman, A. (2009). Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling : Lessons from Bogot a. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 3, 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568310802178314
Chelleri, L. (2012). From the «Resilient City» to Urban Resilience. A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 582, 287–306.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29470-9_2
Clifton, K., Ewing, R., Knaap, G. J., & Song, Y. (2008). Quantitative analysis of urban form : a multidisciplinary review. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 1(1), 17–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549170801903496
Coaffee, J. (2013). Towards Next-Generation Urban Resilience in Planning Practice: From Securitization to Integrated Place Making. Planning Practice & Research, 28(3), 323–339.
Collier, M. J., Nedović-Budić, Z., Aerts, J., Connop, S., Foley, D., Foley, K., … Verburg, P. (2013). Transitioning to resilience and sustainability in urban communities. Cities, 32, S21–S28.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.03.010
Cutter, S. L. (2016). The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the USA. Nat Hazards, 80, 741–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1993-2
Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D., & Emrich, C. T. (2014). The geographies of community disaster resilience §. Global Environmental Change, 29, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.08.005
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18, 598–606.
Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010). Disaster Resilience Indicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 7(1).
Dhar, T. K., & Khirfan, L. (2016). Urban Climate A multi-scale and multi-dimensional framework for enhancing the resilience of urban form to climate change. Urban Climate. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2016.12.004
Ernstson, H., van der Leeuw, S. E., Redman, C. L., Meffert, D. J., Davis, G., Alfsen, C., & Elmqvist, T. (2010).
Urban Transitions: On Urban Resilience and Human-Dominated Ecosystems. AMBIO, 39(8), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0081-9
Feliciotti, A., Romice, O., & Porta, S. (2017). DESIGN FOR CHANGE : FIVE PROXIES FOR RESILIENCE IN THE URBAN FORM . Open House International, 41(4), 23–30.
Frazier, T. G., Thompson, C. M., & Dezzani, R. J. (2013). Spatial and temporal quantification of resilience at the community scale. Applied Geography, 42, 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.004
Jabareen, Y. (2013). Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, 31, 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.05.004
Jabareen, Y. R. (2006). Sustainable Urban Forms: Their Typologies, Models, and Concepts. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(1), 38–52.
Irajifar, L., Sipe, N., & Alizade, T. (2016). The Impact of urban form on disaster resiliency : A case study of Brisbane and Ipswich , Australia. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment ·.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-10-2014-0074
LEE, K. (2016). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBAN SPRAWL AND DISASTER. Texas A&M University.
Lowry, J. H., & Lowry, M. (2014). Comparing spatial metrics that quantify urban form. COMPUTERS, ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN SYSTEMS, 44(March), 59–67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2013.11.005
Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49.
Mohajeri, N., Gudmundsson, A., & Scartezzini, J. (2015). EXPANSION AND DENSIFICATION OF CITIES : LINKING URBAN FORM TO URBAN ECOLOGY. In CISBAT (pp. 475–480). Lausanne, Switzerland.
Norris, F. H., Stevens, P. S., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008). Community Resilience as a Metaphor , Theory , Set of Capacities , and Strategy for Disaster Readiness and Strategy for Disaster Readiness, (April). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6
Peacock, W., Brody, S., Seitz, W., Merrell, W., Vedlitz, A., Zahran, S., … Stickney, R. (2010). Advancing the resilience of coastal localities: developing, implementing and sustaining the use of coastal resilience indicators: a final report.
Sharifi, A. (2019a). Resilient urban form: A review of literature on streets and street networks. Building and Environment, 147, 171–187.
Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., & Grove, J. M. (2004). Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69(4), 369–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.035
Sharifi, A. (2019b). Resilient urban forms: A macro-scale analysis. Cities, 85, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.11.023
Sharifi, A. (2018). Resilient Urban Form : A Conceptual Framework. Chapter 9 in Lecture Notes in Energy. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75798-8
Sherrieb, K., Norris, F. H., & Galea, S. (2010). Measuring Capacities for Community Resilience, (December 2009), 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9576-9
Song, Y., Gordon-Larsen, P., & Popkin, B. (2013). A national-level analysis of neighborhood form metrics. Landsc Urban Plan. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.002
Song, Y., & Knaap, G.-J. (2004). Measuring Urban Form, Is Portland Winning the War on Sprawl? American Planning Association, 70(2).
Song, Y. and Knaap, G.J., 2007. Quantitative classification of neighborhoods: the neighborhoods of new single-family homes in the Portland Metropolitan Area. Journal of Urban Design, 12 (1),1–24.
Tyler, S., & Moench, M. (2012). A framework for urban climate resilience. Climate and Development ISSN:, 4(January). https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2012.745389
Tyler, S., Nugraha, E., Kim, H., Nguyen, N. Van, Delima, A., Thinpanga, P., … Shanker, S. (2016). Environmental Science & Policy Indicators of urban climate resilience : A contextual approach.
UNEP. (2013). Building Urban Resilience. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8865-5
Yoon, D. K., Kang, J. E., & Brody, S. D. (2016). A measurement of community disaster resilience in Korea.
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 59(3), 436–460.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2015.1016142
نشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی
دوره 26، شماره 4
اسفند 1400
صفحه 15-25

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار