گذار از حفاظت عقلانی به حفاظت پراگماتیک؛ روایتی از هنر عمل در حفاظت از میراث جهانی چغازنبیل

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مرمت میراث معماری و شهری، دانشکده معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشیار دانشکده معماری دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

جریان غالب حفاظت از میراث در شش دهه‌ی گذشته تمام تلاشش را در راستای هم‌گرایی برای یافتن یک چارچوب نهایی اثرگذار در هر شرایطی، بهترین روش حفاظت، گذاشته و ادعا می‌کند این چارچوب نهایی در قالب دکترین‌های حفاظت قابل ارائه است. در این مقاله استدلال می‌شود که ریشه‌های این روش تلقی وضعیت برنامه‌ریزی برای میراث را می‌توان در عقلانیت ملهم از دکارت‌گرایی و “برنامه‌ریزی عقلانی” جستجو نمود و ترکیب “حفاظت عقلانی“ را برای آن به‌کار گرفت. حفاظت عقلانی ضمن نادیده گرفتن روابط قدرت و سیاست‌زدایی از دانش میراث، نگاهی‌باریک‌بینانه به نحوه‌ی مواجهه‌ی ‌حفاظت‌گران با شرایط عمل، با تبدیل شرایط به شرایطی ساده، قطعی و توافق‌پذیر، به‌وجود آورده است. اما پارادایم رقیب برای این نگاه عقلانی به حفاظت چیست و آیا این پارادایم می‌تواند مسیر بهتری را برای حفاظت از میراث ترسیم کند؟ مقاله‌ی حاضر به‌دنبال یافتن پاسخ این پرسش اساسی، از طریق روش تحقیق کیفی ابتدا به مرور ادبیات موضوع، نقد حفاظت عقلانی و گذار از حفاظت عقلانی به حفاظت پراگماتیک می‌پردازد. سپس با بهره‌گیری از ابزار داستان‌گویی، ضمن روایت مواجهه‌ی یک حرفه‌مند در حفاظت از میراث جهانی چغازنبیل، استدلال می‌شود که درک پراگماتیک می‌تواند به تفسیر بهتر وقایع و گشودن راه‌حل‌های جدید در دانش حفاظت کمک نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Shift from Rational to Pragmatic Conservation: Case Study: A Narrative of the Art of Action in Conserving the World Heritage Site of Tchoga Zanbil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sadra Moradi 1
  • Somayeh Fadaei Nezhad 2
1 Department of Architectural and Urban Heritage Conservation, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

Over the past sixty years, the main stream of heritage conservation has been striving to reach a consensus and establish an optimal framework -the most effective approach for conservation, applicable in any scenario. It is alleged that this ultimate framework can be depicted in the form of conservation doctrines. In this article, we argue that the roots of this way of perceiving the situation of planning and making decisions for heritage can be found in the rationality inspired by enlightenment and rational planning, and it is called "Rational conservation". The rigid view of rational conservation has restricted conservationists in their approach to real-world challenges. The Historic Urban Landscape Recommendation is a recent rational conservation doctrine that proposes a six-step linear process for conservation of urban heritage. This rational conservation guideline transforms the decision-making process into a simplicity and certainty world and proposes solutions that can be applied universally. As a result, it has impeded the ability to effectively tackle the obstacles.

The primary aim of this article is to shed light on the stagnant state of the current theories of heritage conservation in terms of understanding theoretical challenges: Their perspective on heritage conservation is limited and narrow-minded. In order to pursue this fundamental problem, the authors ask a question: What is the competing paradigm for this rational view of conservation, and can it draw the better way for urban heritage conservation?

This article reviews the literature, critiques rational conservation and suggests the paradigm shift from rational conservation to pragmatic conservation through qualitative research method and abductive reasoning strategy. The presented pragmatic conceptual model alters the planning context into a complex and uncertain circumstance. In this situation, the conservator is not faced with a neutral and non-political backdrop, but rather a heavily politicized world with power relationships at play. The Pragmatic conservation underscores the shift from viewing conservation as an external and objective concept to recognizing it as an internal and intersubjective realm. It emphasizes the significance of the conservator as a person engaged in communication with other actors. This article explores the concept of communicative action, wherein actors engage in dialogue and exchange ideas as "deliberative practitioners". The outcome of this deliberative process culminates in the final decision regarding the conservation of urban heritage. During the deliberative process, in addition to pre-determined rules and guidelines, rational arguments, emotions, and innovation also contribute.

This article reviews the literature, critiques rational conservation and suggests the paradigm shift from rational conservation to pragmatic conservation through qualitative research method and abductive reasoning strategy. The presented pragmatic conceptual model alters the planning context into a complex and uncertain circumstance. In this situation, the conservator is not faced with a neutral and non-political backdrop, but rather a heavily politicized world with power relationships at play. The Pragmatic conservation underscores the shift from viewing conservation as an external and objective concept to recognizing it as an internal and intersubjective realm. It emphasizes the significance of the conservator as a person engaged in communication with other actors.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conservation planning
  • heritage
  • rational
  • pragmatism
  • practice
  • Tchoga Zanbil