مقادیر بهینه ابعاد و بازشوی پنجره در بناهای مسکونی اقلیم گرم و مرطوب شهر عسلویه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی، گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران.

چکیده

در اقلیم گرم و مرطوب به دلیل دما و رطوبت بالا، ایجاد منطقه آسایش در شرایط بحرانی، تنها از طریق تهویه طبیعی امکان­پذیر نیست. استفاده مداوم از سرمایش مکانیکی، ساکنین بنا را از هوای تازه، محروم و سلامت آن­ها را تهدید می­کند. پوسته به ­ویژه پنجره ­های ساختمان، بر تبادل حرارت میان درون و بیرون، بارهای سرمایشی و تقاضای انرژی بنا و آسایش ­حرارتی ساکنین تأثیرگذار هستند. در پژوهش حاضر، از طریق شبیه ­سازی در نرم ­افزار دیزاین­ بیلدر، با هدف به حداقل­ رساندن ساعات نارضایتی و حرارت ناشی از تابش خورشیدی هنگام بهره­گیری از تهویه طبیعی، ضمن بررسی تأثیرگذاری جنس جداره­ های بنا و شیوه سایه ­اندازی روی پنجره­ ها بر نسبت بهینه پنجره به سطح نما، با روش بهینه ­سازی، ابعاد و میزان بازشوی بهینه پنجره­ ها در ساختمان­های مسکونی شهر عسلویه تعیین شد. برای پیکربندی ­های مختلف متداول و بهینه، مجموع ساعاتی که می­توان از طریق تهویه طبیعی به آسایش ­حرارتی دست یافت، محاسبه شد. مطابق با یافته­ ها، جنس شیشه (ضرایب عبور نور مرئی و انتقال حرارت) و بهره حرارتی خورشید، مهم­ترین عامل در تعیین مقادیر بهینه هستند. در نسبت 30%، با مصالح بهینه، دریافت حرارت از 3574 کیلووات طی یک سال، به 270 رسید. مقادیر 10%، 16%، 18%، 20%، 22%، 24%، 26%، 32%، 34%، 36% برای نسبت پنجره به دیوار، با میزان بازشوی پنجره به ­ترتیب برابر با 75%، 49%، 84%، 54%، 66%، 36%، 94%، 38%، 5%، 5%، بهینه هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Determining the optimal dimensions and opening area for windows in residential buildings in the hot-humid climate of Asalouyeh city

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Mohammadi 1
  • Zahra Ghiabaklou 2
  • Hamed Moztarzadeh 3
1 Ph.D. candidate, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Establishing thermal comfort zones solely through natural ventilation in hot and humid climates is challenging.. Continuous reliance on mechanical cooling can compromise indoor air quality, posing health risks to building occupants. The building's skin and windows play a crucial role in the heat exchange, cooling loads, energy demands, and the thermal comfort of the residents. This study aimed to minimize total annual discomfort hours and solar radiation heat gain from external windows while utilizing natural ventilation in a residential building in Asalouyeh City’s hot humid cliamte. Additionally, the study examined the impact of transparent and opaque wall materials, as well as window shadings, on the optimal Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR)to minimize solar gain and discomfort hours.
Method: For each common and proposed configuration of building construction and different values for WWR (10%-90%), the annual Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) were determined at 1-hour intervals in a sitting zone of the case study building. The indices were also determined for the thermal peak day at 30-minute intervals. The obtained values were compared with the comfort range recommended by ASHRAE Standard 55 (+0.5 < PMV < -0.5, 0 < PPD < 80%). The annual total hours during which achieving thermal comfort through natural ventilation is possible were calculated. Finally, the optimal window-to-wall ratio (WWR) and opening areas in the optimal construction configuration were determined using the optimization method.
Results: With a WWR of 30% (a common ratio in building construction), the total annual solar radiation heat gain decreased from 3574 kW to 270 kW with proposed materials. The seating area remained within the comfortable temperature range for at least 737 hours throughout the year, thanks to natural cooling. Optimal WWR values included 10%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 32%, 34%, 36% in combination with open areas of  75%, 49%, 84%, 54%, 66%, 36%, 94%, 38%, 5%, 5%respectively. The optimal properties for transparent surfaces include aluminum thermal break window frames, a 1-meter overhang, and left and right side-fin shadings for windows made from lightweight concrete cast (Conductivity: 0.3800 W/m-K, Specific Heat: 1000.00 J/kg-K, Density: 1200.00 kg/m³, Thickness: 0.002 m), and 6mm/6mm air blue double-glazed glass (SHGC: 0.15, LT: 0.15, U-Value: 2.555 W/m²-K). The conductivity, specific heat, density, and thickness of the outermost and innermost layers were 0.16 and 0.17 W/m-K, 880.00 and 900.00 J/kg-K, 2800.00 and 1390.00 kg/m³, 0.002 and 0.005 m, respectively. The study also introduced the thermal properties of non-transparent surfaces.
Conclusion: Findings showed that the glass properties (Light Transmission and Thermal transmittance or U-Value) and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (total solar transmission) are the most important factors in determining the optimal design compared to other parameters (including thermal insulation, R-value of non-transparent surfaces, shading devices). Although minimizing WWR is recommended for hot and humid climates, this ratio can be increased by choosing the appropriate glass.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Asalouyeh City
  • Natural ventilation
  • Optimization
  • Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
  • Thermal comfort
  • Window-to-Wall Ratio

مراجع

سازمان ملی استاندارد ایران (1390)، استاندارد ملی ایران 14253: ساختمان‌های مسکونی- تعیین معیار مصرف انرژی و دستورالعمل برچسب انرژی، چاپ اول، ویرایش اول، تهران: سازمان ملی استاندارد ایران.
سازمان ملی استاندارد ایران (1401)، استاندارد ملی ایران 14253: ساختمان‌های مسکونی- تعیین معیار مصرف انرژی و دستورالعمل برچسب انرژی، تجدیدنظر اول، ویرایش اول، تهران: سازمان ملی استاندارد ایران.
مشیری، شهریار (1388)، طراحی پایدار بر مبنای اقلیم گرم و مرطوب، هویت شهر، 3(5)، 39-46. وزارت راه و شهرسازی، دفتر تدوین مقررات ملی ساختمان (1399)، مقررات ملی ساختمان ایران: مبحث نوزدهم؛ صرفه‌جویی در مصرف انرژی، تهران: مرکز تحقیقات راه، مسکن و شهرسازی.
ASHRAE (2007). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines. ASHRAE (2017). ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines.
ASHRAE (2019). ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2019 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines.
ASHRAE (2020). ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2020 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Peachtree Corners, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines.
Banihashemi, S., Golizadeh, H., Hosseini, M. R., & Shakouri, M. (2015). Climatic, parametric and non-parametric analysis of energy performance of double-glazed windows in different climates. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 4(2), 307-322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.09.002
Binarti, F., Istiadji, A. D., Satwiko, P., & Iswanto, P. T. (2013). Interlayer and cavity contribution to creating high light-to-solar-gain-ratio glass block from waste glasses. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 4(1), 82-88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/2093761X.2012.759891
Goia, F., Haase, M., & Perino, M. (2013). Optimizing the configuration of a façade module for office buildings by means of integrated thermal and lighting simulations in a total energy perspective. Applied energy, 108, 515-527. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.02.063
Grondzik, W. T., & Kwok, A. G. (2019). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings. Hoboken, New Jersey: John wiley & sons.
Harmati, N., & Magyar, Z. (2015). Influence of WWR, WG and glazing properties on the annual heating and cooling energy demand in buildings. Energy Procedia, 78, 2458-2463. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.229
INBR. (2020). National building codes: topic 19: Energy saving (in Persian). Tehran: Road, Housing & Urban Development Research Center. Retrieved from https://inbr.ir/?p=5798.
INSO. (2022). National standard of Iran (INSO 14253): Residential building- Criteria for energy consumption and energy labeling instruction (in Persian). 1st. Revision. Tehran: Iran National Standards Organization. Retrieved from https://standard.inso.gov.ir/StandardView.aspx?Id=56975.
ISIRI. (2012). National standard of Iran (ISIRI 14253). Residential Building- Criteria for Energy Consumption and Energy Labeling Instruction (in Persian). 1st. Edition. Tehran: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran https://standard.inso.gov.ir/StandardView.aspx?Id=36156.
ISO. (2005). ISO 7730:2005: Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria. Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/39155.html
Kempton, L., Daly, D., Kokogiannakis, G., & Dewsbury, M. (2022). A rapid review of the impact of increasing airtightness on indoor air quality. Journal of Building Engineering, 57, 104798. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104798
Khoukhi, M., Darsaleh, A. F., & Ali, S. (2020). Retrofitting an existing office building in the UAE towards achieving low-energy building. Sustainability, 12(6), 2573. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062573
Lee, T. G., De Biasio, D., & Santini, A. (1996). Health and the built environment: Indoor air quality. Calgary, Alberta: The University of Calgary. Retrieved from http://www.mtpinnacle.com/pdfs/iaq.pdf
Moshiri, S. (2009). Sustainable Design Based on Hot and Humid Climate (in Persian). Hoviatshahr, 3(5), 39-46. doi: 20.1001.1.17359562.1388.3.5.4.8
Saber, A. (2021). Effects of window-to-wall ratio on energy consumption: application of numerical and ANN approaches. Soft Computing in Civil Engineering, 5(4), 41-56. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.22115/SCCE.2021.281977.1299
Sung, D. (2016). A new look at building facades as infrastructure. Engineering, 2(1), 63-68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.008
Troup, L., Phillips, R., Eckelman, M. J., & Fannon, D. (2019). Effect of window-to-wall ratio on measured energy consumption in US office buildings. Energy and Buildings, 203, 109434.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109434 Zhao, X., Yin, Y., He, Z., & Deng, Z. (2023). State-of-the-art, challenges and new perspectives of thermal comfort demand law for on-demand intelligent control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Energy and Buildings, 113325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113325
Zomorodian, Z. S., Tahsildoost, M., & Hafezi, M. (2016). Thermal comfort in educational buildings: A review article. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 59, 895-906. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.033
نشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی
دوره 28، شماره 3
مهر 1402
صفحه 91-105

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار