برنامه ریزی شهری درمانگر استرس (نمونه مطالعاتی: ناحیه 8 منطقه 1 شهرداری تهران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران

2 استاد گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

استرس شهری یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل افزایش اختلالات روانی در شهرهاست. به همین دلیل لازم است برنامه ریزان و طراحان شهری در برنامه‌ها و طرح‌های خود استرس شهری را به عنوان اصلی مهم در نظر داشته و از اقداماتی که به این آشفتگی ذهنی دامن می‌زند، بپرهیزند. ساکنین شهر تهران و به خصوص ناحیه 8 منطقه 1 بر اساس نظر متخصصان در معرض استرس شهری بالایی قرار دارد. به همین منظور این پژوهش با هدف تدوین برنامه ریزی شهری درمانگر استرس در این ناحیه انجام شده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی-تبیینی بوده و برمبنای هدف از جمله تحقیقات کاربردی محسوب می‌شود. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از روش‌های کمی-کیفی و برای تحلیل آنها از روش تحلیل عاملی استفاده شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن است که عوامل استرس ناشی از نظام دسترسی، وضعیت اجتماعی و اقتصادی ضعیف، امنیت پایین، عدم انسجام و حمایت اجتماعی، تمایز و انزوای اجتماعی، تاب آور نبودن محیط شهری، عدم سرزندگی محیط، احساسات منفی ساکنان، تبعیض و جابه جایی اجتماعی، استرس ناشی از تراکم، احساس هویتمندی و تعلق پایین مهم‌ترین عوامل استرس‌زا محدوده مورد مطالعه می‌باشند. در نتیجه برنامه ریزی شهری با درنظر گرفتن این عوامل به عنوان اهداف خرد می‌تواند استرس شهری را درمحدوده مورد مطالعه تا حد بسیاری کاهش دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Stress Relief Urban Planning(case study: District 8, District 1 of Tehran Municipality)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Khatereh Moghani Rahimi 1
  • Mostafa behzadfar 2
  • samaneh jalilisadrabad 3
1 . M.A. Student, Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Stress in urban life can be a breeding ground for mental disorders. In addition to being an important cause of physical and mental illness, urban stress also increases the rate of moral anomalies in the city and reduces the security of citizens. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider the peace of mind of citizens as an important principle in their plans and designs, and to avoid actions that cause this mental disorder. However, although many studies in the last century have examined the relationship between urbanization and stress and effective solutions to it with different approaches, so far no studies on urban planning stress therapy to consider all the indicators affecting urban stress and there is no effective strategic planning based on the results. Moreover, Tehran is the sixth most stressful city in the world, according to the Zipjet Institute. For this reason, it is very important to conduct theoretical studies in this field and formulate urban planning for stress therapists in this city. But due to its large scope, doing such research requires a lot of time and money. For this purpose, in this study, after determining the general indicators, using the Delphi technique, District 8, District 1 of Tehran Municipality has been selected as the study sample. The research method in this research is descriptive-explanatory and is based on the purpose of applied research. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect information and factor analysis was used to analyze them. Then the urban stressors have been identified and a strategic document has been presented.The findings of the research indicate that the stress factors caused by the access system, poor social and economic status, low security, lack of cohesion and social support, differentiation and social isolation, lack of resilience of the urban environment, lack of vitality of the environment, negative feelings of residents, discrimination and social displacement, stress caused by crowding, low sense of identity and belonging are the most important stressors in the study area. As a result, by considering these factors as micro-objectives, urban planning can reduce urban stress in the studied area to a great extent. This research develops the theoretical and empirical findings of previous studies. As a result, with the implementation of this research, the psychological pressure that is imposed on the citizens of this area can be reduced to a great extent. This research provides a suitable method for measuring and identifying urban stressors to urban planners who seek to reduce urban stress.. Applying the factor analysis approach in recognizing and analyzing urban contexts in terms of stress and developing a strategic document corresponding to stressful factors in other parts or the whole city of Tehran and developing a comprehensive mental health program in this city can be very effective in this field.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Urban Planning
  • Urban Stress
  • Factor Analysis
  • District 8
  • District 1
  • Tehran Municipality

مراجع

احمد آخوندی، عباس. برک پور، ناصر. خلیلی، احمد. صداقت نیا، سعید. صفی یاری، رامین. (1393). سنجش کیفیت زندگی در کلانشهر تهران. نشریه هنر های زیبا-معماری و شهرسازی، 19(2)، 5-22.
باشگاه خبری صراط. (1399). عکس/ نمای هوایی شب تهران از ایستگاه بین الملی فضایی. بازیابی 25 اذر 1400، از http://seratnews.com.
باقرنژاد، الناز. عزیزی، محمد مهدی. (1397). توزیع فضایی تاب آوری در برابر سوانح در سطح محلات کلانشهر تهران. هویت شهر، 14(42)، 5-18.
بهاری، روح الامین. عباسپور، رحیم علی. پهلوانی، پرهام. (1394). پهنه بندی آلودگی ذرات معلق با استفاده از مدل های آماری محلی در GIS (مطالعه موردی:شهر تهران). علوم و فنون نقشه برداری، 5(3)، 165-173.
پایگاه خبری تحلیلی فرارو. (1397). درامد هنگفت 14000 نفر از ساکنان شمال تهران بدون شغل. بازیابی 10 دی 1400، از https://fararu.com.
پیمایش ملی سلامت روان. (1399). جلسه استقرار سند سلامت روان استان تهران به صورت مجازی برگزار شد. بازیابی 29 شهریور 1400، از https://pr.tums.ac.ir.
زبردست، اسفندیار. (1396). کاربرد روش تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی (EFA) در برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای، مورد پژوهی: سنجش وضعیت پایداری اجتماعی در کلانشهر تهران. نشریه هنر های زیبا-معماری و شهرسازی،22(3)، 5-18.
زبردست، اسفندیار. خلیلی، احمد. دهقانی، مصطفی. (1392). کاربرد روش تحلیل عاملی در شناسایی بافت های فرسوده شهری. نشریه هنر های زیبا، 18(2). 27-42.
سعیدنیا، احمد. (1382). کتاب سبز شهرداری، شهرسازی. جلد اول، تهران: انتشارات سازمان شهرداری ها.
شهدوست، پدرام. (1400). روانشناسی محیط چیست و چه تاثیری بر کسب و کار ما دارد. بازیابی 27 مهر 1401، از https://drways.com . شهرداری منطقه 1 تهران. (1395ب). شناسنامه ناحیه 8 منطقه 1.
طبائیان، آناهیتا. دانشپور، عبدالهادی. خلیلی، احمد. (1400). ارائه الگوی مداخله و نظام سیاست گذاری فضایی در پیاده راه های شهری. پژوهش های جغرافیای برنامه ریزی شهری، 9(2)، 287-311.
غفاریان شعاعی، مهران. (1393). طراحی کالبد میدان شهری در راستای ارتقای سلامت روانی استفاده کنندگان از فضا )تدوین اصول و احکام راهنمای طراحی کالبد، به منظور کاهش استرس( نمونه مورد پژوهش: میدان امام رضا )ع(، مشهد، ایران. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه یزد، دانشکده هنر و معماری، گروه اموزشی شهرسازی.
قرایی، فریبا. مثنوی، محمدرضا. حاجی زاده، مونا. (1396). بسط شاخص های کلیدی سنجش تاب آوری مکانی-فضایی شهری؛ مرور فشرده ادبیات نظری. باغ نظر، 14(57). 19-32.
قهرودی تالی، منیژه. درفشی، خه بات. (1394). بررسی آشفتگی در الگوی خطر سیلاب در تهران. تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات محیطی، 2(3)، 1-16.
گزارش شهرداری تهران. (1390). 40 مداخله درمانی در سند ارتقا سلامت روان جامعه. بازیابی 29 شهریور 1400، از https://www.salamatnews.com.
گلکار، کورش. (1386). مفهوم کیفیت سرزندگی در طراحی شهری. صفه، 16(44)، 66-75.
مرکز آمار ایران. (1395). نقش کلیک شرکت مشاور، 1395، روند شهرنشینی کشور در سال های 1335-1395. بازیابی 28 شهریور 1400، از http://naghshclick.org.
مطلبی، قاسم. (1380). روانشناسی محیطی دانشی نو در خدمت معماری و طراحی شهری. هنرهای زیبا معماری و شهرسازی، 10(0). 52-67.
هاشمی، مهدی. آل شیخ، علی اصغر. ملک، محمدرضا. (1389). پهنه بندی آسیب پذیری زلزله به کمک GIS (مطالعه موردی شهر تهران). علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست، 16(4)، 305-3014.
Abdul-Adil, J., Suárez, L.M. (2022). The Urban Youth Trauma Center: A Trauma-Informed Continuum for Addressing Community Violence Among Youth. Community Ment Health J 58, 334–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-021-00827-4 Abrahamyan Empson, Lilith; Baumann, Philipp S.; Söderström, Ola; Codeluppi, Zoé; Söderström, Dag; Conus, Philippe (2019). Urbanicity: The need for new avenues to explore the link between urban living and psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, (), eip.12861–. doi:10.1111/eip.12861
Adli, M. (2011). Urban stress and mental health, CITIES, HEALTH AND WELL-BEING HONG KONG, NOVEMBER 2011.
Adli, M.; Schondorf, J. (2020). Macht uns die Stadt krank. Wirkung von Stadtstress auf Emotionen, Verhalten und psychische Gesundheit; Does the city make us ill? The effect of urban stress on emotions, behavior, and mental health. Bundesgesundheitsbl 63, 979–986. Doi: 10.1007/s00103-020-03185-w
Adli, M; Berger, M; Brakemeier, E.-L; Engel, L; Fingerhut, J; Hehl, R; Heinz, A; Mayer, J; Mehran, N; Tolaas, S; Walter, H; Weiland, U; Stollmann, J. (2016). Neurourbanistik – ein methodischer Schulterschluss zwischen Stadtplanung und Neurowissenschaften. Die Psychiatrie 2016; 13: 70–78. Downloaded from www.die-psychiatrie-online.de on 2017-03-12 | ID: 1001077299 | IP: 141.30.247.98
Adli, Mazda; Berger, Maximilian; Brakemeier, Eva-Lotta; Engel, Ludwig; Fingerhut, Joerg; Gomez-Carrillo, Ana; Hehl, Rainer; Heinz, Andreas; H, Juergen Mayer; Mehran, Nassim; Tolaas, Sissel; Walter, Henrik; Weiland, Ute; Stollmann, Joerg (2017). Neurourbanism: towards a new discipline. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(3), 183–185. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30371-6 Ararat City Council. (2013). Ararat City Municipal Public Health and Wellbeing Plan 2013-2017. https://www. Ararat.vic.gov.au .
Baum; Andrew. Singer; Jerome E. Baum; Carlene S. (1981). Stress and the Environment. , 37(1), 4–35. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01056.x
Baumann, Philipp S.; Söderström, Ola; Abrahamyan Empson, Lilith; Söderström, Dag; Codeluppi, Zoe; Golay, Philippe; Birchwood, Max; Conus, Philippe (2019). Urban remediation: a new recovery-oriented strategy to manage urban stress after first-episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, (), –. doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01795-7
Beil, K.; Hanes, D. (2013). "The Influence of Urban Natural and Built Environments on Physiological and Psychological Measures of Stress— A Pilot Study" Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10, no. 4: 1250-1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10041250.
Benoit, Anita C.; Cotnam, Jasmine; Raboud, Janet; Greene, Saara; Beaver, Kerrigan; Zoccole, Art; O’Brien-Teengs, Doe; Balfour, Louise; Wu, Wei; Loutfy, Mona (2016). Experiences of chronic stress and mental health concerns among urban Indigenous women. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 19(5), 809–823. doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0622-8
Braun-Lewensohn, O., Sagy, S. (2014). Community Resilience and Sense of Coherence as Protective Factors in Explaining Stress Reactions: Comparing Cities and Rural Communities During Missiles Attacks. Community Ment Health J 50, 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-013-9623-5
Burton, I. (1990) "Factors in Urban Stress,"The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare: Vol. 17 : Iss. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol17/iss1/5.
Buttazzoni A, Doherty S, Minaker L. How Do Urban Environments Affect Young People's Mental Health? A Novel Conceptual Framework to Bridge Public Health, Planning, and Neurourbanism. Public Health Rep. 2021 Feb 9:33354920982088. doi: 10.1177/0033354920982088. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33563094.
Cappon, D. (1977) Urban stress, CMA JOURNAL/JANUARY 8, 1977/VOL. 116.
Caracci, G; Enrique, M. J. (2001). CULTURE AND URBAN MENTAL HEALTH. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(3), 581–593. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70249-5 .
Casey city council. (2017). Municipal Public Health and Wellbeing Plan 2017-2021. https://www.casey.vic.gov.au . Chinomnso C NNEBUE1, Echendu D ADINMA2, Queencallista N. (2014). Urbanization and Health, Orient Journal of Medicine, Vol 26 [1-2].
Coope, Jonathan; Barrett, Andy; Brown, Brian; Crossley, Mark; Raghavan, Raghu; Sivakami, Muthusamy (2020). Resilience, mental health and urban migrants: a narrative review. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 16(2), 137–159. doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-04-2019-0048
D’Acci, L.S. (2020). Urbanicity mental costs valuation: a review and urban-societal planning consideration. Mind Soc 19, 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11299-020-00235-3.
Ellett Lyn; Freeman Daniel; Garety Philippa A. (2008). The psychological effect of an urban environment on individuals with persecutory delusions: The Camberwell walk study. , 99(1-3), 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.027
Elsamahy, E. M. & Abd EL-Fattah, R. .(2018). DESIGNING NON-STRESSED PSYCHOLOGICAL PUBLIC SPACES, BAU Journal: Health & Well-Being, special edition, 121-132
Evans, B. E.; Buil, J. M.; Burk, W. J.; Cillessen, A. H. N.; van Lier, Pol A. C. (2018). Urbanicity is Associated with Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Elementary School-Aged Children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, (), –. Doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1062z.
Evans, B. E.; Huizink, Anja C.; Greaves-Lord, Kirstin; Tulen, Joke H. M.; Roelofs, Karin; van der Ende, Jan; Santana, Geilson Lima (2020b). Urbanicity, biological stress system functioning and mental health in adolescents. PLOS ONE, 15(3), e0228659–. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228659.
Evans, G. W.; Wells, N. M.; Moch, A. (2003). Housing and Mental Health: A Review of the Evidence and a Methodological and Conceptual Critique. , 59(3), 475–500. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00074.
Evans, G.W. and Cohen, S. (1987) Environmental Stress. Chapter 15, overview of the stress paradigm. 571-602.
Fink, G. (2010). Stress: Definition and history. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, (January 2010), 549–555. Doi: 10.1016/B978-008045046-9.00076-0
Firdaus, G. (2018). Increasing Rate of Psychological Distress in Urban Households: How Does Income Matter?. Community Ment Health J 54, 641–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0193-9
Freeman, D.; Emsley, R.; Dunn, G.; Fowler, D.; Bebbington, P.; Kuipers, E.; Jolley, S.; Waller, H.; Hardy, A.; Garety, P. (2015). The Stress of the Street for Patients with Persecutory Delusions: A Test of the Symptomatic and Psychological Effects of Going Outside Into a Busy Urban Area. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41, 971–979. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu173.
Generaal, E.; Hoogendijk, E. O.; Stam, M.; Henke, C. E.; Rutters, F.; Oosterman, M.; Huisman, M.; Kramer, S. E.; Elders, P. J. M.; Timmermans, E. J.; Lakerveld, J.; Koomen, E.; ten Have, M.; de Graaf, R.; Snijder, M. B.; Stronks, K.; Willemsen, G.; Boomsma, D. I.; Smit, J. H.; Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2019). Neighbourhood characteristics, prevalence, and severity of depression: pooled analysis of eight Dutch cohort studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, (), 1–8. doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.100.
Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, Kluge U, Galea S, Heinz A. (2017). Cities and mental health. Dtsch Arztebl Int; 114: 121–7. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121 .
Haines, M.; Stansfeld, S.; Job, R.; Berglund, B.; Head, J. (2001). Chronic aircraft noise exposure, stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance in school children. Psychological Medicine, 31(2), 265-277. Doi:10.1017/S0033291701003282.
Helbich, M. (2018). Toward dynamic urban environmental exposure assessments in mental health research. Environmental Research, 161(), 129–135. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.006.
Hernandez, Daphne C.; Daundasekara, Sajeevika S.; Zvolensky, Michael J.; Reitzel, Lorraine R.; Maria, Diane Santa; Alexander, Adam C.; Kendzor, Darla E.; Businelle, Michael S. (2020). Urban Stress Indirectly Influences Psychological Symptoms through Its Association with Distress Tolerance and Perceived Social Support among Adults Experiencing Homelessness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, doi:10.3390/ijerph17155301.
Hill T.D., Maimon D. (2013) Neighborhood Context and Mental Health. In: Aneshensel C.S., Phelan J.C., Bierman A. (Eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_23.
Interdisciplinary Forum Neurourbanism. (2018). Charta of Neurourbanism. Retrieved 23 September 2021, from https://neurourbanistik.de Jackson, M. (2015). (ed.) Stress in Postwar Britain, 1945–1980, Pickering and Chatto.
Jaffee, K. D.; Liu, G. C.; Canty-Mitchell, J.; Qi, R. A.; Austin, J.; Swigonski, N. (2005). Race, Urban Community Stressors, and Behavioral and Emotional Problems of Children With Special Health Care Needs. Psychiatric Services, 56(1), 63–69. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.1.63.
Joshua, C. F.; Freeman, C.; Bazargan-Hejazi, S. (2019). Environmental Interventions for Physical and Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities for Greater Los Angeles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), 2180–.
Doi:10.3390/ijerph16122180. Kennedy, D. P.; Adolphs, R. (2011). Social neuroscience: Stress and the city. Nature, 474(7352), 452–453. Doi:10.1038/474452a.
Kirkbride, J. B.; Keyes, K. M.; Susser, E. (2018). City Living and Psychotic Disorders-Implications of Global Heterogeneity for Theory Development. JAMA Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2640.
Knöll, M.; Neuheuser, K.; Cleff, T.; Rudolph-Cleff, A. (2017). A tool to predict perceived urban stress in open public spaces. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 026581351668697–. Doi:10.1177/0265813516686971 . Knöll, M.; Neuheuser, K.; Vogt, J.; Rudolph-Cleff, A. (2014). Einflussfaktoren der gebauten Umwelt auf wahrgenommene Aufenthaltsqualität bei der Nutzung städtischer Räume. Umweltpsychologie, 18, 84–102. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270759025.
Knox city council. (2021). Knox Mental Health Action Plan 2021– 2025. https://www.knox.vic.gov.au.
Kyriakou, Kalliopi; Resch, Bernd; Sagl, Günther; Petutschnig, Andreas; Werner, Christian; Niederseer, David; Liedlgruber, Michael; Wilhelm, Frank; Osborne, Tess; Pykett, Jessica (2019). Detecting Moments of Stress from Measurements of Wearable Physiological Sensors. Sensors, 19(17), 3805–.
doi:10.3390/s19173805 Larcombe, D.; Etten, J.; Logan, A.; Prescott, S; Horwitz, P. (2019). High-Rise Apartments and Urban Mental Health-Historical and Contemporary Views. Challenges, 10(2), 34–. Doi: 10.3390/challe10020034 .
Lazarus, R. S., & Cohen, J. B. (1977). Environmental Stress. Human Behavior and Environment, 89–127. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0808-9_3 Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer.
Lederbogen, Florian; Haddad, Leila; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas (2013). Urban social stress – Risk factor for mental disorders. The case of schizophrenia. Environmental Pollution, 183(), 2–6. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.046.
Li, J., & Rose, N. (2017). Urban social exclusion and mental health of China’s rural-urban migrants – A review and call for research. Health & Place, 48, 20–30. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.08.009
Li, J.; Liu, Z. (2018). Housing stress and mental health of migrant populations in urban China. Cities, (), S0264275117313355–. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.04.006 .
Lin, D., Li, X., Wang, B. et al. (2011). Discrimination, Perceived Social Inequity, and Mental Health Among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China. Community Ment Health J 47, 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-009-9278-4
Lin, D.; Li, X.; Bo W.; Yan H.; Xiaoyi F.; Xiong Q.; Bonita S. (2011). Discrimination, Perceived Social Inequity, and Mental Health Among Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China, 47(2), 171–180. doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9278-4 .
Lisa, R.; Ash, A.; (2019). Mental health, subjectivity and the city: an ethnography of migrant stress in Shanghai. International Health, (), ihz029–. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihz029.
Litman, T.A. (2021). Urban Sanity Understanding Urban Mental Health Impacts and How to Create Saner, Happier Cities. https://vtpi.org/urban-sanity.pdf.
Lloyd, S.; Kelly, R.; Kimberly, G.; Joshua, R.; (2005). Challenges of Urban Mental Health Disaster Planning. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 10(3), 695–706. Doi:10.1300/J146v10n03_03.
Mancus, G., Cimino, A. N., Hasan, M. Z., Campbell, J. C., Winch, P. J., Sharps, P., Tsuyuki, K., Granger, D. A., & Stockman, J. K. (2021). Residential Greenness Positively Associated with the Cortisol to DHEA Ratio among Urban-Dwelling African American Women at Risk for HIV. Journal of urban health: bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 98(4), 570–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00492-0. Manning, N. (2018). Sociology, biology and mechanisms in urban mental health. Social Theory & Health, (17), 1-22, –. Doi:10.1057/s41285-018-00085-7.
March, D.; Hatch, S. L.; Morgan, C.; Kirkbride, J. B.; Bresnahan, M.; Fearon, P.; Susser, E. (2008). Psychosis and Place. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30(1), 84–100. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn006.
Maureen O., (CNN). (2017). Revealed: The world's least stressful cities. Retrieved 15 September 2021, from https://edition.cnn.com. Meloni, A., Fornara, F., & Carrus, G. (2019). Predicting pro-environmental behaviors in the urban context: The direct or moderated effect of urban stress, city identity, and worldviews. Cities, 88, 83–90. Doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.001.
Miles, R.; Coutts, C.; Mohamadi, A. (2012). Neighborhood Urban Form, Social Environment, and Depression. , 89(1), 1–18. Doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9621-2 .
Miller, Keva M.; Phillips, Michael H. (2005). Correlates of Urban Stress and Mental Health: The Impact of Social Context on Resilience. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 14(1-2), 46–64. doi:10.1179/105307805807066301
Moreland city council. (2017). Moreland municipal public health and wellbeing plan 2017- 2021. https://www.moreland.vic.gov.au .
Mubi Brighenti, Andrea; Pavoni, Andrea (2017). City of unpleasant feelings. Stress, comfort and animosity in urban life. Social & Cultural Geography, (), 1–20. doi:10.1080/14649365.2017.1355065
Northern grampians city council. (2017). Northern grampians Municipal Public Health and Wellbeing Plan 2017-2021. https://nla.gov.au .
Okkels, Niels; Kristiansen, Christina Blanner; Munk-Jørgensen, Povl (2017). [Mental Health and Illness Worldwide] Mental Health and Illness in the City || Urban Design and Mental Health. , 10.1007/978-981-10-2327-9(Chapter 12), 421–444. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2327-9_12
Peen, J.; Schoevers, R. A.; Beekman, A. T.; Dekker, J. (2010). The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. , 121(2), 84–93. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x.
Pykett, J., Chrisinger, B., Kyriakou, K. et al. Developing a Citizen Social Science approach to understand urban stress and promote wellbeing in urban communities. Palgrave Commun 6, 85 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0460-1 Quinn, Kelly; Kaufman, Jay S.; Siddiqi, Arjumand; Yeatts, Karin B. (2010). Stress and the City: Housing Stressors are Associated with Respiratory Health among Low Socioeconomic Status Chicago Children. , 87(4), 688–702. doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9465-1
Rishi, Parul; Khuntia, Gayatri (2012). Urban Environmental Stress and Behavioral Adaptation in Bhopal City of India. Urban Studies Research, 2012(), 1–9. doi:10.1155/2012/635061
Selten, J. P. (2005). Social defeat: risk factor for schizophrenia?. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(2), 101–102. doi:10.1192/bjp.187.2.101 .
Seth, P., Murray, C. C., Braxton, N. D., & DiClemente, R. J. (2012). The Concrete Jungle: City Stress and Substance Abuse among Young Adult African American Men. Journal of Urban Health, 90(2), 307–313. doi:10.1007/s11524-012-9716-4. Shannon, M. M.; Clougherty, J. E.; McCarthy, C.; Elovitz, M. A.; Nguemeni, T., Max, J.; Melly, S. J.; Burris, H. H. (2020). Neighborhood Violent Crime and Perceived Stress in Pregnancy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155585.
Sigmund, B; Mijatovic, M. (2019). Gesundheit in der Stadt. Retrieved 22 September 2021, from https://www.detail.de Stansfeld, S.; Haines, M.; Brown, B. (2000). Noise and Health in the Urban Environment. Reviews on Environmental Health, 15(1-2). doi:10.1515/REVEH.2000.15.1-2.43.
Streit, F.; Haddad, L.; Paul, T.; Frank, J.; Schäfer, A.; Nikitopoulos, J.; Akdeniz, C.; Lederbogen, F.; Treutlein, J.; Witt, S.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; Rietschel, M.; Kirsch, P.; Wüst, S. (2014). A functional variant in the neuropeptide S receptor 1 gene moderates the influence of urban upbringing on stress processing in the amygdala. Stress, 17(4), 352–361. Doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.921903 .
Thorns, David C . (2002).The Transformation of Cities: Urban Theory and Urban Life. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4039-9031-0 . Vargas, T., Conley, R. E., & Mittal, V. A. (2020). Chronic stress, structural exposures and neurobiological mechanisms: A stimulation, discrepancy and deprivation model of psychosis. In A. Clow, & N. Smyth (Eds.), International Review of Neurobiology (pp. 41-69).
(International Review of Neurobiology; Vol. 152).
Academic Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2019.11.004. Ventriglio, Antonio; Torales, Julio; Castaldelli-Maia, João M.; De Berardis, Domenico; Bhugra, Dinesh (2020). Urbanization and emerging mental health issues. CNS Spectrums, (), 1–8. doi:10.1017/S1092852920001236
Victoria state government. (2011). Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Plan (2011-2015). https://www2.health.vic.gov.au.
Victoria state government. (2015). Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Plan (2015-2019). https://www2.health.vic.gov.au.
Victoria state government. (2019). Victorian Public Health and Wellbeing Plan (2019-2023). https://www2.health.vic.gov.au . Vojnovic, I., Pearson, A., Asiki, G., Allen, A., & DeVerteuil, G. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of Global Urban Health (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315465456.
Wandersman A, Nation M. (1998) Urban neighborhoods and mental health. Psychological contributions to understanding toxicity, resilience, and interventions. Am Psychol. Jun; 53(6):647-56. PMID: 9633265.
World Health Organization. (2013). the European Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020. http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest.
Xie, S. (2019). Quality matters: housing and the mental health of rural migrants in urban China. Housing Studies, (), 1–23. doi:10.1080/02673037.2019.1577956.
Yang, T.; Matthews, S. A. (2010). The role of social and built environments in predicting self-rated stress: A multilevel analysis in Philadelphia. , 16(5), 803 -810. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.005.
نشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی
دوره 27، شماره 3
آذر 1401
صفحه 19-33

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار