رابطه پیکره بندی فضایی و امنیت محیطی در سکونتگاه های غیررسمی شهر همدان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه طراحی شهری دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان

2 استادیار گروه طراحی شهری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان

3 دکتری طراحی شهری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان

چکیده

با نگاهی به پژوهش‌های پیشین در حوزه امنیت شهری مشاهده می‌شود در میان رویکردهای پیشگیرانه، اقدامات و مداخلات محیطی از جایگاه ویژه‌ای برخوردار هستند. لیکن علی‌رغم تجربیات موفق کسب شده از اجرای چنین اقداماتی، همچنان تعارضات و ابهاماتی میان راهکارهای صاحبنظران مختلف وجود دارد که پژوهش حاضر به دنبال واکاوی این ابهامات است. از همین‌رو، در این پژوهش از یکسو پیکره‌بندی فضایی شهر همدان با نرم‌افزار Depth Map استخراج گردیده و از سوی دیگر، برخی معضلات امنیتی در پنج سکونتگاه غیررسمی حصار، خضر، دیزج، مزدقینه و منوچهری در شهر همدان برداشت شده است. در ادامه داده‌های این دو دسته از متغیرها در نرم‌افزار SPSS وارد شده و روابط میان آن‌ها مورد تحلیل و تفسیر قرار گرفته است. نتایج بررسی‌ها ضمن تایید نظریات پیشین مبنی بر ارتباط پیکره‌بندی فضایی و امنیت، دو نکته اساسی را روشن نمود. نخست آنکه برای تحلیل صحیح در خصوص رابطه محیط و امنیت باید مسائل مختلف امنیتی را به طور مجزا مورد بررسی قرار داد چرا که هر یک به شکل متفاوتی از محیط تاثیر می‌پذیرند. دوم آنکه محدود نمودن ورود غریبه‌ها به یک محله همانقدر می‌تواند به امنیت یک محله صدمه بزند که ورود خارج از کنترل غریبه-ها لطمه وارد می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Relationship between Spatial Configuration and Environmental Security in Informal Settlements of Hamedan

نویسندگان [English]

  • hasan sajjadzadeh 1
  • mohammad saeid izadi 2
  • mohammad reza haghi 3
2 Assistant Professor of Urban Design, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
3 Phd of Urban Design, Bu-Ali Sina University of Hamedan
چکیده [English]

One of the concern of urban societies in this era is the reading of family’s security and composure in their occupancy. It is easily intelligible that security influence on estate value and environmental quality in various neighborhood of city. Within various neighborhoods of city, the informal settlements often account one of the criminal or insecurity centers because of special economic, social and physical features. In previous research of urban security, the environmental interventions and actions have a special place in preventive approaches. In despite of successful experiences of environmental security, but there is conflict and ambiguity on solutions of pundits (especially in viewpoints of Oscar Newman and Bill Hillier), that this research look at these ambiguities. This research has done with Analytical-Interpretation method and based on documentary studies and hypothesis test on the case study. At first, theoretical basics obtained through library studies. In the next step, in order to analyze the spatial configuration of neighborhoods, the Linier map of Hamedan is extracted based on mass and empty spaces (including Streets and Squares) by Depth Map Software. After preparation of Linier Map, the various parameters of spatial configuration such as Local Integration, Global Integration, Connectivity, and Mean Depth have been extracted for Hamedan and its five informal settlements include Hesar, Khezr, Dizaj, Mazdaghineh and Manouchehri. On the other hand, in order to test the relationship of spatial configuration parameters and security, 30 sub-neighborhoods (areas with a radius of 200 meters) have been selected in informal settlements; and then two main dilemmas include “Drug Addiction” and “Dispute & Aggression” are specified through presence in neighborhoods and interview with residents and some familiar jobs about the sub-neighborhoods situation (like Real Estate Consultants, Taxi Services, and Local Polices). So we asked the people to assign a score of 0 to 100 for each sub-neighborhood based on their recognition of Drug Addiction and Dispute & Aggression. After collecting all comments, the values that differed greatly from the rest, are eliminated and then average of comments are calculated. After that, the relationship of spatial configuration and two security dilemmas have been investigated and analyzed by SPSS software. In this study, the spatial configuration parameters are considered as an independent variable and Security dilemmas as a dependent variable. At the end, according to relationships have an adequate significant and correlation, we made suggestions. According to this research, the parameters of Mean Depth with Drug Addiction, and the parameter of Connectivity with Dispute & Aggression have the most connection. While the results of this study confirm the previous comments about the relationship between spatial configuration and security, it proves two fundamental points. First, the different security dilemmas (and types of crimes) should study separately for analyzing the relationship of environment and security, because each one is influenced by the environment differently. Second, it can be same harm influence for neighborhoods when we limit the entering strangers to the neighborhoods and when we don’t control the entering strangers to them.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Informal Settlement
  • environmental security
  • space syntax
  • CPTED
  • Hamedan
بحرینی، سید حسین و تقابل، سوده (1390)، آزمون کاربرد روش چیدمان فضا در طراحی فضاهای سنتی شهری، نشریه هنرهای زیبا-معماری و شهرسازی، شماره 48، صص 5-18.
ریسمانچیان، امید و بل، سایمون (1390)، بررسی جدا افتادگی فضایی بافت­های فرسوده در ساختار شهر تهران به روش چیدمان فضا، نشریه باغ نظر، شماره 17، صص 69-80.
سیادتان، سعیدرضا و پورجعفر، محمدرضا (1393)، آزمون کاربرد گراف توجیهی در معماری ایرانی-اسلامی، نشریه نقش جهان، شماره 3، صص 27-42.
عباس­زادگان، مصطفی (1381)، روش چیدمان فضا در فرایند طراحی شهری، فصلنامه مدیریت شهری، شماره 9، صص 64-75.
مهندسین مشاور طرح و تدوین (1385)، گزارش طرح تفصیلی شهر همدان، اداره کل راه و شهرسازی استان همدان، وزارت راه و شهرسازی.
Baran, P; Rodriguez, D & Khattak, A (2008), Space Syntax and Walking in a New Urbanist and Suburban Neighbourhoods, Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 13, pp. 5-28.
Chang, D (2011), Social Crime or Spatial Crime? Exploring the Effects of Social, Economical, and Spatial Factors on Burglary Rates, Journal of Environment and Behavior, 43 (1), pp. 26-520
Giannopoulou, M; Roukounis, Y & Stefanis, V (2012), Traffic Network and the Urban Environment: an Adapted Space Syntax Approach, Transport Research Arene-Europe, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 48, pp. 1887-1896.
Hepp, S (2011), Metropolitan Spatial Structure, Measuring the Change, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of PhD of Philosophy, Knapp, G. (Advisor), University of Maryland, College Park.
Hillier, B (1996), Space is the Machine, Cambridge University Press, e-edition forthcoming from www.spacesyntax.com.
Hillier, B & Shu, S (2000), Crime and Urban Layout: the Need for Evidence, In: Ballintyne, S.; Pease, K.; McLaren, V. (eds.), Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Published by IPPR, London.
Hillier, B (2004), Can Streets be made Safe?, Journal of Urban Design International, Vol. 9, pp. 31-45.
Hillier, B & Sahbaz, O (2008), An Evidence Based Approach to Crime and Urban Design, Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London, available in: www.spacesyntax.com.
Matijosaitiene, I (2016), Combination of CPTED and Space Syntax for the Analysis of Crime, Journal of Safer Communities, Vol. 15 (1), pp. 49-62.
Min, S; Kim, Ch & Kim, Y (2012), The Impacts of Spatial Configuration and Merchandising on the Shopping Behavior in the Complex Commercial Facilities, Proceedings of the 8th International Space Syntax Symposium, Santiago de Chile.
Mohamed, A; Van Nes, A; Salheen, M; Kohlert, Ch & Schwander, Ch (2013), The Socio-Economic Implications of the Spatial Configuration in Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area, Proceedings of the 9th International Space Syntax Symposium, Seoul.
Newman, O (1972), Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design, Published by Macmillan Publishing, New York.
Newman, O (1996), Creating Defensible Space, Published by U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research, Washington.
Reis, A; Portella, A; Bennett, J & Lay, M (2003), Accessibility and Security: Syntactic and Perceptual Analysis in two Low-Income Housing Estates, Proceedings of the 4th International Space Syntax Symposium, London.
Reis, A & Rosa, C (2012), Configuration, Land Use, Perception, and Security: An Analysis of Residential Burglary, Proceedings of the 8th International Space Syntax Symposium, Santiago de Chile.
Wu, L; Liu, X; Ye, X; Leipnik, M; Lee, J & Zhu, X (2015), Permeability, Space Syntax, and the Patterning of Residential Burglaries in Urban China, Journal of Applied Geography, Vol. 60, pp. 261-265.