Explanation of the relationship between human and place in architecture design process by a phenomenological approach

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Tarbiat Modares University

Abstract

Today, due to the lack of the effective use of the relationship between human and place in the creation of space, man - made environments have no meaning and identity. However the first priority of designers is to recognise and understand the environment, the relationship of human and place, and it,s application to design. Because of its ability to percept the relationship between human, environment, space and place; Phenomenology can help designers. In this paper, descriptive - analytic research method has been used. There are two approaches of ontology and epistemology in the phenomenology of place. Ontological approach has largely a spatial viewpoint and searches the meaning of the place which has been defined as the spirit of place in the architecture or Life - World. The spirit of place is created by the relationship between things and gives a special sense or character to the environment and is mostly in the field of concrete dimensions. But the epistemological approach has mostly a humanistic point of view to the subject and wants to find what the place is or Lived experience. By the study of the experience structure, they suppose that the sense of place is effective for the perception of the environment. The sense of place needs directly human and human experience to exist. In addition, it is formed as a continuous cycle in which firstly, place identity (to be recognized), then belonging to the place (desired characteristics) and finally, attachment to the place (to be attached) are formed. The sense of place involves a route from the objective field to the subjective Which controls the harder it is for designers. The results of the research indicate that the use of a phenomenological approach in the architecture necessitates the use of both phenomenological approaches to the place, namely acceptance of the origin of "life-world" with social and cultural domain as well as the "lived experience" of people. In this route, formation of a place sense starts with the perception of the life-world characters (spirit of place) and ends with the attachment to place. Spirit of place exists wherever, and is formed by a combination of "space", "order" and "time", so the spirit of place cannot be created by the design. But it is both required and possible to use the spirit of place as a guide to design process in the architecture. However, regarding the use of the sense of place in the architectural design; since the sense of place results from the interaction between the human and the built environment and it is added to the architecture over time, then it cannot be established at the design stage, but with the participation of stakeholders and users in the process of design and architecture based on their beliefs and values; the capacity to create a sense of place can be increased. In addition to we can use design process evaluating by the sense of place for measuring the effectness of the design.

Keywords


پرتوی، پروین(1388)، پدیدارشناسی مکان، فرهنگستان هنر، تهران.
حسنی، سید حمیدرضا (1383)، هرمنوتیک علوم انسانی "‌درآمدی بر هرمنوتیک ویلهم دیلتای"، فصلنامه پژوهش اخلاقی (انجمن معارف اسلامی)، دوره 1، شماره 1، صص 103-120
خاتمی، محمود(1387)، پدیدارشناسیهنر، فرهنگستان هنر، تهران.
چناری، مهین (1386)، مقایسه هوسرل، هایدگر و گادامر با محک روش شناسی،  مجله: پژوهش های فلسفی کلامی،  زمستان  - شماره 34، صص 113-138.
رضازاده، راضیه (1384)، رویکردی روانشناسانه و جامعه شناسانه به هویت مکانی در شهرهای جدید، مجموعهمقالات هویت، شهرهای جدید، کتاب دوم، انتشارات شرکت عمران شهرهای جدید، تهران.
شریف، حمیدرضا(1390)، تفکر نقاد و ارزیابی ایده طراحی معماری، مجله صفه، سال بیست و یکم، شماره 53، صص 53-64.
شولتز، کریستیان نوربرگ(1381)، معماری: حضور، زبان و مکان، ترجمه علیرضا سید علویان، انتشارات نیلوفر، تهران.
شولتز، کریستیان نوربرگ(1388)، روح مکان به سوی پدیدارشناسی معماری، ترجمه محمدرضا شیرازی، انتشارات رخ داد نو، تهران.
صبری، رضا سیروس (1393)، تحول در طراحی، فرایند طراحی با اسطوره، تصور و ذهن طراحانه، انتشارات پرهام نقش، تهران.
طاهری، جعفر (1391)، نسبت طراحی با تحقیق، مجله صفه، دوره 22، شماره 56، صص 7-22.
کلامی، مریم؛ ندیمی، حمید(1393)، تاملی بر نقش دانش شخصی از موقعیت طراحی در شکل گیری مولدهای اولیه طراحی، مجله صفه، شماره 64، صص19-31.
لاوسون، برایان (1384)، طراحان چگونه می اندیشند، مترجم حمید ندیمی، انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران.
لنگ، جان(1386)، آفرینش نظریه معماری: نقش علوم رفتاری در طراحی محیط، مترجم علیرضا عینی فر، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
لینچ، کوین (1381)، تئوری شکل خوب شهر، ترجمۀ سید حسین بحرینی، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
محمودی، سید امیرسعید؛ ناری قمی، مسعود (1393)، ارزیابی پس از بهره برداری یک هدف و یک وسیله آموزشی در معماری، مجله هنرهای زیبا-معماری و شهرسازی، دوره 19، شماره، صص171-82.
مصطفوی، شمش الملوک (1391)، هایدگر و پدیدارشناسی هرمنوتیکی هنر، فصلنامه کیمیای هنر، سال اول، شماره 3، صص؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟
هوسرل، ادموند(1386). ایده­ی پدیده­شناسی، ترجمه­ی عبدالکریم رشیدیان، انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی، تهران.
Altman, Irwin & Low, Setha (1992), Place Attachment, Plenum Press, New York.
Battisto, Dina & Franqui, Deborah (2014), Linking Programming, Design and Post Occupancy Evaluation: A Primary Care Clinic Case Study, ARCC Conference Repository, ????.
Cross, Jennifer Eileen (2003), Conceptualizing Community Attachment [Online], Available: http://www.ruralsociology.org/annual-meeting/2003/CrossJennifer.pdf
Dorst, Kees (2004), The Problem of Design Problems - Problem Solving and Design Expertise, Journal of Design Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.??????.
Gifford, Robert )2002(, Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practice, Optimal Books, Canada.
Hummon, David Mark (1992), Community Attachment: Local Sentiment and Sense of Place. In I. Altman & S. Low (Eds.), Place Attachment (Vol. 12, pp. 253-278), NY: Plenum Press, New York.
Inglis, Judi; Deery, Margaret & Whitelaw, Paul (2008), The Development of Place Attachment in Parks, Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Australia.
Jackson, John Brinckerhoff) 1994(, A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Jiven, Gunilan & Peter Larkham (2003), Sense of Place: Authenticity and Character, Journal of Urban Design, 8 (1), pp.67-81.
Jorgensen, Bradley S & Stedman, Richard C (2006), A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identification with lakeshore properties, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 79, pp. 316-327.
Jorgensen, Bradley S & Stedman, Richard C (2011), Measuring the spatial component of sense of place: a methodology for research on the spatial dynamics of psychological experiences of places, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol. 38, pp. 795 -813.
Koch, Tina (1996), Implementation of a hermeneutic inquiry in nursing: Philosophy, rigor and representation, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24, pp.174-184.
Laverty, Susann M (2003), Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(3), pp.1-29.
Moore, Gary T (1974), The Design Process, Department of architecture, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Najafi, Mina; Bin, Mohd Shariff & Mustafa, Kamal (2011), The Concept of Place and Sense of Place In Architectural Studies, International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 187-193.
Nanzer, Bruce (2004), Measuring Sense of Place: A Scale for Michigan, Administrative Theory & Praxis, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 362-382.
Ouf, Ahmed M. Salah (2001), Authenticity and the Sense of Place in Urban Design, Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 73-86.
Pretty, Grace H; Chipuer, Heather M & Bramston, Paul ) 2003(, Sense of place amongst adolescents and adults in two rural Australian towns: the discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, pp.273-287.
Relph, Edward C (1976), Place and placelessness, Pion, London.
Sack, Robert David (1997), Homo Geographicus, The Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
Shamai, Shmuel & Ilatov, Zinaida (2005), Measuring Sense of Place: Methodological aspects, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie (TESG), 96(5), 467-476.
Steele, Fritz)1981), Sense of place, CBI Pub, Boston.
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1977), Space and Place The Perspective of Experience, University of Minnesota Press, New York.
Van Manen, Max (1997), Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy, ON: The Althouse Press, London.
Verschuure, Gerdy (2009), Long Live the Genius Loci, The 4th International Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU)– Urbanism beyond Neo-Liberalism, Amsterdam.
Williams, Daniel, R & Vaske, Jerry, J (2003), The Measurement of Place Attachment: Validity and Generalizability of a Psychometric Approach, Journal of Forest Science, 49, 830-840.