Examining the role of base arc in Panj-O-Haft Arch in Structural functionality in Karbandi-16 2-leg

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Architecture Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

2 Department of Architecture, Imam Khomeini Faculty, Qom University, Qom city

Abstract

The inherent limitations of brick and mortar necessitate the strategic use of geometry to overcome their weaknesses. This paper is specifically centered on discerning the role of geometry in the Panj-O-Haft arch and the Karbandi vault within Persian architectural practice. Notably, the study seeks to explore the intricate correlation between the base arc angle and the structural functionality of the Karbandi, emphasizing the profound influence of varying angles on the dimensions and strength of architectural elements.
2 Methodology
This study utilizes parametric and algorithmic design methods to analyze the Panj-O-Haft arch and its application as ribs for the Karbandi. A structural analysis algorithm is developed to connect with the modeling algorithm, allowing for the examination of various base arc angles and their impact on the structural analysis results. By selecting a base angle range of 20 to 70 degrees, the study generates 50 different Karbandi analysis results, which are then compared based on axial force in Karbandi elements and the thrust vector amount in supports. The research employs linear models and utilizes the Karamba3D plug-in for analysis.
3 Results and Discussion
The Karbandi features interconnected rib geometry, with all ribs dividing into 72 sub-elements. Altering the base arch angle impacts the geometry of these sub-elements and the Shamseh (a type vault) above them, leading to varying ranges of axial force in the sub-elements across different Karbandi models. A smaller range of axial force in the sub-elements indicates a more even force distribution. The study reveals that base arc angles within the 50 to 53 range result in the lowest range of axial force and are the most suitable option for the Panj-O-Haft arch as a rib in the Karbandi. Notably, the traditional base arc degrees for this arch (45 and 54.7) closely align with the optimized range for the base arc.
In every two-leg Karbandi, there are a total of 8 supports, regardless of its division. Due to the symmetrical geometry and topology of the Karbandi, all supports exhibit an equal amount of thrust in different directions within a horizontal plane. A specific support is chosen for comparing thrust amounts in various Karbandi models. The lowest thrust within the 20-to-70-degree angle range is observed at 20 degrees, as this smaller angle tends to straighten the Panj-O-Haft, reducing its curvature and enabling it to withstand higher force. Conversely, within the 42 to 51-degree range, the thrust amount remains relatively consistent and even slightly decreases.
4 Conclusion
This paper presents structural evidence supporting the drawing logic and geometry of the Panj-O-Haft arch. In addition to other factors such as aesthetics, construction technique, material, and dimensions, structural functionality is a crucial aspect linked to the arch's geometry. The selected arch features two base arc angles, namely 45 and 54.7 degrees. The results indicate that these angles are positioned close to the optimal range and exhibit lower thrust amounts at the support location compared to higher angles. While these two arch types may not excel in a single factor, they demonstrate multifaceted functionality and achieve an overall high rating.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

آئینه‌‌چی، شهرزاد و ول بیگ، نیما (1402). تحلیل اثر ویژگیهای حسابی و هندسی بر فرایند ترسیم کاربندیها با رویکرد دستیابی به روشهای ترسیم بهینه نوین. پژوهه باستان‌‌سنجی، 9 (1)، 25-40.https://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-342-fa.html
آیدینی، میرعلی؛ یاسر شهبازی و فرهاد آخوندی (1400). واکاوی مفاهیم مشترک تکرارشونده و مشخصات هندسی زمینههای منتظم در کاربندی. فصلنامه اثر، 42(2)، 194–210. http://athar.richt.ir/article-2-705-fa.html
احمدی، مهدیه (1388). بررسی تأثیر فلسفه اسلامی بر معماری سنتی ایران (با بررسی موردی معماری مسجد امام اصفهان). تأملات فلسفی، 1(2)، 93–136. https://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_19505.html
اکبری، حسن (1401). طراحی مسجد محله بر پایه پوششهای خمیده سنتی [پایان‌‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه قم]. قم. امجد محمدی، امیر؛ نژاد ابراهیمی، احد و شهبازی، یاسر (1399). هندسه کاربندی در معماری ایران؛ پاسخ به چالش کاربندی رسمی و اختری. مجله پژوهش‌های معماری اسلامی، 8(1)، 4–26.http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1268-fa.html .
ایزدپناه، فرزین و سرداری، سروناز (1399). تحلیل پایداری لرزهای سه قوس ایرانی. مطالعات معماری ایران، 9(17): 142–63. https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_111844.html
بزرگمهری، زهره (1385). هندسه در معماری (ویرایش سوم). سبحان نور: سازمان میراث فرهنگی کشور.
پورامینیان، مجید؛ صادقی، ارژنگ و پوربخشیان، سمیه (1391). بررسی پایداری لرزه‏ای قوس‏های آجری ایرانی. نشریه مهندسی عمران و محیط زیست دانشگاه تبریز، 42 (66)، 49–55. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3431.html
تهرانی، فرهاد؛ مهدی زاده، فاطمه؛ حجازی، مهرداد و ولی بیگ، نیما (1391). ویژگی‌های هندسی و ریاضی در ساختار چفد پنج او هفت تند در پوشش تاق آهنگ ایرانی. نشریه علمی مرمت و معماری ایران، 2(3)، 39–50. https://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-804-fa.html
حجازی، مهرداد و میر قادری، رسول (1383). تحلیل لرزهای گنبدهای ایرانی. نشریه دانشکده فنی، 38(6). https://jfe.ut.ac.ir/article_10224.html
خویی، حمیدرضا (1386). چیستی تاریخ معماری و جایگاه آن در فهم و ایجاد آثار معماری. فصلنامه گلستان هنر، 2(4)، 20. https://www.magiran.com/paper/450467
زمرشیدی، حسین و زمرشیدی، زهرا (1393). معماری مساجد ایران و هنرهای قدسی آن. مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی، 15(4): 5–20. https://www.noormags.ir/view/en/articlepage/1351769
شعرباف، اصغر (1372) گره و کاربندی. تهران. سازمان میراث فرهنگی کشور. شیخ دارانی، رویا و رستمی، راحله (1395). ترسیم هندسه و سازه قوس و چفد در مسجد حکیم اصفهان در دوره صفویه. اولین کنفرانس ملی معماری اسلامی، میراث شهری و توسعه پایدار https://civilica.com/doc/553027.
طاهباز، منصوره (1399). ردپای قداست در معماری اسلامی ایران. صفه، 14(4–3). https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_99981.html
گلچین، حجت (1395)، 5 و 7 یا پنج او هفت؟ بیان هندسی در ساختار قوس‌های پرگاری ایران و رفع ابهام موجود در نام و ترسیم یکی از دورهای معروف، فصلنامه اثر، 35(67)، 67–76.http://journal.richt.ir/athar/article-1-86-fa.html
محمدیان منصور، صاحب و فرامرزی، سینا (1390). گونه شناسی و تدوین ساختار هندسی کاربندی در معماری ایران. نشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی، 3(4)، 81–96. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_29680.html
معماریان، غلامحسین (1391). معماری ایرانی: نیارش. نشر نغمه نواندیش. مینویی، فرنوش؛ بلیلان، لیدا؛ درخشان، فرزاد و سلماسی، وحید (1393). بررسی سازهای گنبد مساجد جامع در دوره‌های مختلف تاریخ ایران. دو فصلنامه معماری و شهرسازی طرح و نماد، 6(8)، 149–56. http://jfa.iust.ac.ir/article-1-86-fa.html
نژاد ابراهیمی، احد؛ شهبازی، یاسر و امجدمحمدی، امیر (1396). گونهشناسی ساختاری کاربندی و رسمیبندی در معماری ایران بر مبنای ساختگاه و کاربست. فرهنگ معماری و شهرسازی اسلامی، 3(1)، 25–41. http://ciauj-tabriziau.ir/article-1-175-fa.html.
Ahmadi, Mehdieh. (2009). Investigating the influence of Islamic philosophy on the traditional architecture of Iran (with a case study of the architecture of Imam Mosque in Isfahan) [Barrasi-ye tasir-e falsafe-ye eslami bar memari-ye sonati-ye Iran (ba barrasi-ye moredi-ye memari-ye masjed-e Emam-e Esfahan)]. Taammolat Philosophy, 1(2), 93–136. http://phm.znu.ac.ir/article_19505.html (in Persian)
Aidini, MirAli, Yaser Shahbazi, & Farhad Akhoundi. (2021). Analysis of Repetition Pattern and Geometric Characteristics of Regular Bases in Karbandi [Vakavi-ye mafahim-e moshtarak-e tekrar shavande va moshakhasat-e hendesi-ye zamineh-haye montazam dar karbandi]. Athar, 42(2), 194–210. http://athar.richt.ir/article-2-705-fa.html (in Persian)
Aine Chi, Shahrazad, & Vali Beyg, Nima (2023). Analyzing Effect of Arithmetic and Geometrical Features on Karbandis’ Drawing Process Based on the Approach of Achieving New Optimal Drawing Methods [Tahlil-e asar-e vizhegi-haye hesabi va hendesi bar farayand-e tarsim-e karbandiha ba ruykard-e dasyabi be raveshhaye tarsim-e behine-ye novin]. Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 9 (1), 40-25. https://jra-tabriziau.ir/article-1-342-fa.html. (in Persian)
Aita, Danila, Federico Foce, Riccardo Barsotti, & Stefano Bennati. (2007). Collapse of Masonry Arches in Romanesque and Gothic Constructions. In 5th International Conference on Arch Bridges.
Akbari, Hassan. (2022). Neighborhood mosque design based on traditional curved coverings [Tarahi-ye masjed-e mahale bar paye-ye poshesh-haye khamide-ye sonati] ]Master’s thesis, University of Ghom[. Ghom.
AmjadMohammadi, Amir, Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi, & Yaser Shahbazi. (2020). Karbandi Geometry in Iranian Architecture; A Response to the Challenge of Rasmi and Akhtari Karbandi [Hendese-ye karbandi dar memari-ye Iran; pasokh be chalesh-e karbandi-ye rasmi va akhtari]. Reaserches in Islamic Architecture, 8(1), 4–26. http://jria.iust.ac.ir/article-1-1268-fa.html (in Persian)
Bozorgmehri, Zohreh. (2006). Geometry in Architecture [Hendese dar memari]. 3rd ed. Tehran: Subhan Noor: Organization of Cultural Heritage of the country.
Garofalo, Vincenza. (2016). The Geometry of a Domed Architecture: A Stately Example of Kārbandi at Bagh-e Dolat Abad in Yazd. Nexus Network Journal, 18(1), 169–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-015-0286-0
Golchin, H. (2016). Five and seven or panj o haft? Geometric expression in the structure of compass arches in Iran and clarification of a famous naming ambiguity [5 va 7 ya panj o haft? Bayan-e hendesi dar sakhtar-e ghous-haye pergari-ye Iran va raf-e eham-e mojood dar nam va tarsim-e yeki az dorehaye ma'ruf]. Athar Quarterly, 35(67), 67–76. http://journal.richt.ir/athar/article-1-86-fa.html
Hijazi, Mehrdad, & Rasool Mirqadri. (2004). Seismic analysis of Iranian domes [Tahlil-e larzei-ye gonbad-haye Irani]. Technical Faculty Journal, 38(6). https://jfe.ut.ac.ir/article_10224.html (in Persian)
Izadpanah, Farzin, & Servanaz Sardari. (2020). Seismic stability analysis of three Iranian arches [Tahlil-e paydari-ye larzei-ye se ghous-e Irani. Motale'at-e Memari-ye Iran]. Iranian Architectural Studies, 9(17), 143–63. https://www.sid.ir/fa/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=553565. (in Persian)
Khoee Hamidreza. (2006). The Nature of Architectural History, Its Role in Understanding and Creating Architecture [Chisti-ye tarikhe memari va jaygah-e an dar fahm va ijad-e asar-haye memari]. Golestan Honar, 2 (4) :20-27. https://www.magiran.com/paper/450467 (in Persian)
Lengyel, G, & K Bagi. (2015). Numerical Analysis of the Mechanical Role of the Ribs in Groin Vaults. Computers And Structures, 158, 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2015.05.032
Memarian, Gholamhossein. (2018). Persian Architecture, Structure [Memari-ye Irani]. Tehran: Goljam Publication. (in Persian)
Minoui, Farnoosh, Lida Belilan, Farzad Derakhshan, & Vahid Salmasi. (2014). Structural Investigation of the Dome of the Mosques in Different Periods of Iran’s History y [Barrasi-ye sazei-ye gonbad-e masajed-e jame dar dorehaye mokhtalef-e tarikhe Iran]. Design and Symbol, 6(8), 149–56. http://jfa.iust.ac.ir/article-1-86-fa.html (in Persian)
Mohammadi, Amir Amjad, Maziar Asefi, & Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi. (2018). The Geometrical Regularization for Covering Irregular Bases with Karbandi. Nexus Network Journal, 20(2), 331–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-018-0373-0 Mohammadian Mansour, Sahib, & Sinai Faramarzi. (2011). Typology and compilation of the geometric structure of use in Iranian architecture Guneh shenasi va tadvin-e sakhtar-e hendesi-ye karbandi dar memari-ye Iran]. Journal of fine arts - architecture and urban planning, 3(4), 81–96. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_29680.html (in Persian)
Nejad Ebrahimi, Ahad, Yasser Shahbazi, & Amir Amjad Mohammadi. (2017). Typology of Rasmibandi and Karbandi in Iranian Architecture Based on Construction and Use [Guneh shenasi-ye sakhtari-ye karbandi va rasmi bandi dar memari-ye Iran bar mabna-ye sakhtgah va karbast]. Architectural Culture and Islamic Urbanism, 3(1), 25–41. http://ciauj-tabriziau.ir/article-1-175-fa.html (in Persian)
Pouraminian, Majid, Arjang Sadeghi, & Somia Pourbakhshian. (2012). Investigating the seismic stability of Iranian brick arches (research note) [Tarahi-ye masjed-e mahale bar paye-ye poshesh-haye khamide-ye sonati]. Civil and Environmental Engineering (Technical College), 42(1), 49–55. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=247257 (in Persian) Shaarbaaf, Asghar. (1993). Girih and Karbandi [Gereh va karbandi]. Tehran: Iran’s Cultural Heritage Organization. (in Persian)
Sheikh Darani, Roya, & Rostami, Rahele. (2016). Drawing of the geometry and structure of the arch and chafd in the Hakim Mosque of Isfahan in the Safavid period [Tarsim-e hendese va saz-e ghous va chafd dar masjed-e Hakim-e Esfahan dar dore-ye Safaviye]. In: The first national conference of Islamic architecture, urban heritage and sustainable development. https://civilica.com/doc/553027 (in Persian)
Tahbaz, Mansoura. (2004). Traces of holiness in Islamic architecture of Iran [Raddepa-ye ghadassat dar memari-ye eslami-ye Iran]. Soffeh, 14(4–3). https://soffeh.sbu.ac.ir/article_99981.html (in Persian)
Tehrani, Farhad; Mehdizadeh, Fatemeh; Hijazi, Mehrdad, & Wali Beyg, Nima. (2012). Geometrical and mathematical features in the structure of Panj-O-Haft Tond Arch in the cover of the Iranian Barrel Vault [Vizhegi-haye hendesi va riyazi dar sakhtar-e chafd-e panj o haft tond dar poshesh-e taq-e ahang-e Irani]. Journal of Conservation and Architecture in Iran, 2(3), 39–50. https://mmi.aui.ac.ir/article-1-804-fa.html (in Persian)
Wikimedia Commons contributors. (2021). File:Khaj Rabi 4.Jpg. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Khaj_rabi_4.jpg&oldid=608329401 (April 23, 2023).
Wikimedia Commons contributors. (2022). File:Khajeh-Rabi-Tmple(10).Jpg. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:(10)_ آرامگاه_خواجه_ربیع.jpg&oldid=696606744 (April 23, 2023)
. Zamrashidi, Hossein, & Zahra Zamrashidi. (2014). The architecture of Iranian mosques and its sacred arts [Memari-ye masajed-e Iran va honar-haye ghodsi-ye an]. Studies of the Islamic Iranian City, (15), 5–20. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=257036. (in Persian)
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 23 July 2025

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics