Identifying the Drivers and Consequences of the Creative City Model in Iran*

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Urban & Regional Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Urban & Regional Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

The rapid process of urbanization worldwide has led to the emergence of challenges that have highlighted the need to change the paradigm in urban planning in today's era. The consensus of contemporary societies about the importance of native culture and art as drivers of development has made cities strive to realize the creative city model.This model, as a new form of urban development policy has gained special popularity among researchers and policy makers. In developing countries such as Iran, which face limitations in many aspects, it becomes more necessary to pay attention to such basic measures. Various theoretical researches in this field have also identified the characteristics of the creative city. The separation of this set of indicators, under two sections, "motivators of this model" and "consequences of the implementation of this model", will bring the theoretical achievements of this field closer to the implementation strategies. This study aims to distinguish the indicators of the creative city by classifying them into two categories: causal and resultant.For this purpose, first, through a review of the global literature, the main characteristics of the creative city model were identified. In the next step, using Fuzzy DEMATEL, the cause-effect situation of each of the indicators in the field of Iranian cities is investigated.
 The global literature of this field was examined and the state of reproducibility of the key characteristics raised in twenty recent studies and the global index is presented in tabular form. Next, the indicators were screened based on their effectiveness in the realization of creative city model, using the Fuzzy DEMATEL method.To this end,, 13 urban experts were selected by purposeful sampling to evaluate the impact of each creative city indicators on the others based on theirexpertise.
Based on the global literature review, 28 indicators were identified for the creative city model, which were categorized under nine components and three dimensions. The indicators of receptive attitude and diversity,  presence of creative human capital in the city, cultural and leisure spaces , and democratic and cultural governance appear most frequently in leading global studies, reflecting their critical importance to the creative city model..
furthurmore, the indicators such as “unique native cultural and creative industries", "receptive attitude and diversity", "democratic and cultural government" and "encouraging and supportive policies", "social and cultural dynamics" and "relative ease of commuting to the city" are identified as requirements for implementing the creative city model.; On the other hand, "creative city income", "creative branding", "creative employment", "creative human capital presence" and "urban vitality and thriving street life" are considered the consequences of implementing the creative city model in Iranian cities..
 In addition, attention to the dimension of the creative environment is very important for the implementation of the creative city model in Iranian cities. A significant number of characteristics within the dimension of cultural vitality and management infrastructure are expected to materialize following the implementation of the creative city model.Keywords:

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Alsayel, A., de Jong, M., & Fransen, J. (2022). Can creative cities be inclusive too? How do Dubai, Amsterdam and Toronto navigate the tensions between creativity and inclusiveness in their adoption of city brands and policy initiatives? Cities, 128, 103786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103786
Askar, R. A. (2021). Cultural Creativity and Social Inclusion in Creative Cities. Handbook of Research on Creative Cities and Advanced Models for Knowledge-Based Urban Development, 265–283. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4948-3.ch013
Bajestani, S. A., Stupples, P., & Kiddle, R. (2022). The relationship between creative developments and place: a position paper. Journal of Place Management and Development, 16(2), 248–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-05-2022-0041
Bell, D., & Jayne, M. (2010). The creative countryside: Policy and practice in the UK rural cultural economy. Journal of Rural Studies, 26(3), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2010.01.001
Bonelli, D., Jutel, T., & Leotta, A. (2019). ‘Selling the creative city’: Wellington tourism film in the neoliberal era. Studies in Australasian Cinema, 13(2–3), 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/17503175.2019.1693149
Bordat, E. M. (2013). Institutionalization and change in cultural policy: CONACULTA and cultural policy in Mexico (1988–2006). International Journal of Cultural Policy, 19(2), 222–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2011.638980
Borseková, K., Vaňová, A., & Vitálišová, K. (2017). Building Košice European Capital of Culture: Towards a Creative City? Tourism in the City, 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26877-4_13
Caragliu, A., & Del Bo, C. F. (2019). Smart innovative cities: The impact of Smart City policies on urban innovation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.022
Cerisola, S., & Panzera, E. (2021). Cultural and Creative Cities and Regional Economic Efficiency: Context Conditions as Catalyzers of Cultural Vibrancy and Creative Economy. Sustainability, 13(13), 7150. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137150 Cerreta, M., Daldanise, G., La Rocca, L., & Panaro, S. (2021). Triggering Active Communities for Cultural Creative Cities: The “Hack the City” Play ReCH Mission in the Salerno Historic Centre (Italy). Sustainability, 13(21), 11877. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111877
Cohen, D. (2015). Grounding mobile policies: Ad hoc networks and the creative city. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 36(1), 23–37. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12090
d’Ovidio, M., & Cossu, A. (2017). Culture is reclaiming the creative city: The case of Macao in Milan, Italy. City, Culture and Society, 8, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2016.04.001
Daniel, R. (2015). Creative industries in the tropics. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 36(2), 215–230. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12099
Das, D. K. (2016). Engendering Creative City Image by Using Information Communication Technology in Developing Countries. Urban Planning, 1(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i3.686
d'Ovidio, M. (2016). The creative city does not exist: Critical essays on the creative and cultural economy of cities. Ledizioni,
Du, Y.-W., & Li, X.-X. (2021). Hierarchical DEMATEL method for complex systems. Expert Systems with Applications, 167, 113871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113871
Durmaz, S. B. (2015). Analyzing the Quality of Place: Creative Clusters in Soho and Beyoğlu. Journal of Urban Design, 20(1), 93–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2014.972348
Esmaeilpoorarabi, N., Yigitcanlar, T., & Guaralda, M. (2018). Place quality in innovation clusters: An empirical analysis of global best practices from Singapore, Helsinki, New York, and Sydney. Cities, 74, 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.11.017
European Union. (2017). The cultural and creative cities monitor. Brussels, Belgium: European Union. Figueiredo, J. L., Santos Vieira de Jesus, D., Tavares Robaina, D., & Lohmann Couri, C. (2019). The development potential index of creative economy for Brazilian federal state capitals. Creative Industries Journal, 12(2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/17510694.2019.1610344
Florida, R. (2002a). Cities and the creative class. American Sociological Association, 2(1), 3–19.
Florida, R. (2002b). The rise of the creative class (Vol. 9). New York: Basic books.
Florida, R. (2005). Cities and the Creative Class. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203997673
Gilbert, K. L., Ransome, Y., Dean, L. T., DeCaille, J., & Kawachi, I. (2022). Social Capital, Black Social Mobility, and Health Disparities. Annual Review of Public Health, 43(1), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-112623 Goldberg-Miller, S. B. D. (2019). Creative city strategies on the municipal agenda in New York. City, Culture and Society, 17, 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2018.08.004
Grodach, C. (2017). Urban cultural policy and creative city making. Cities, 68, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.05.015
Guimarães, A. D., Ribeiro, S. B., & Machado, A. F. (2021). Repercussion of the label in a comparative analysis of indicators: the case of two UNESCO Creative Cities. Creative Industries Journal, 14(2), 152–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/17510694.2020.1796461
Hospers, G.-J. (2003). Creative cities in Europe: urban competitiveness in the knowledge economy. Intereconomics, 38(5), 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03031728
Howkins, J. (2002). The creative economy: How people make money from ideas. Penguin UK.
Jassbi, J., Mohamadnejad, F., & Nasrollahzadeh, H. (2011). A Fuzzy DEMATEL framework for modeling cause and effect relationships of strategy map. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(5), 5967–5973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.11.026
Jones, P. and Evans, J. (2013), Urban Regeneration in the UK: Boom, Bust and Recovery, Sage, London. https://doi.org/10.1108/meq.2013.08324daa.009
Jurėnė, S., & Jurėnienė, V. (2017). Creative cities and clusters. Transformations in business & economics, 16(2), 214-234. Kanokphanvanich, C., Rattanawong, W., & Vongmanee, V. (2023). A New Model for a Sustainable Healthcare Supply Chain Prioritizes Patient Safety: Using the Fuzzy Delphi Method to Identify Healthcare Workers’ Perspectives. Sustainability, 15(9), 7123. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097123
Khoo, S. L. (2020). Towards an inclusive creative city: How ready is the Historic City of George Town, Penang? City, Culture and Society, 23, 100367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2020.100367
Khoo, S. L., Badarulzaman, N., Samat, N., & Sheikh Dawood, S. R. (2017). Locational Decisions in a Creative City: Evidence from Penang’s Architectural Firms. Kajian Malaysia, 35(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.21315/km2017.35.1.4
Kim, S., & Comunian, R. (2024). Higher education and sustainable creative cities: The development of creative and cultural ecosystems in the (new) capital city of Kazakhstan. Industry and Higher Education, 38(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222231222258
Landry C (2008) The Creative City. A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. Earthscan, London. Landry, C. (2012). The Creative City. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849772945
Lavanga, M., & Drosner, M. (2020). Towards a New Paradigm of the Creative City or the Same Devil in Disguise? Culture-led Urban (Re)development and Sustainability. Cultural Industries and the Environmental Crisis, 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49384-4_8
Leng, K.S., Badarulzaman, N., Samat, N., Sirat, M., & Dawood, S. R.S (2015). Creative cities research in Penang, Malaysia: A review of conceptual and methodological framework. Planning Malaysia, 13. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v13i5.136
Leng, K. S., Mui, L. Y., & Badarulzaman, N. (2023). Glocalizing creative hub concept for malaysian creative city development: A conceptual review. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2023-1901-07
Levickaitė, R. (2011). Four Approaches to the Creative Economy: General Overview. Business, Management and Education, 9(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.3846/bme.2011.06
Li, Y., Hu, Y., Zhang, X., Deng, Y., & Mahadevan, S. (2014). An evidential DEMATEL method to identify critical success factors in emergency management. Applied Soft Computing, 22, 504–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2014.03.042
Li, R., & Tzeng, G. H. (2014). Fuzzy DEMATEL method for group decision-making in urban sustainability assessment. Sustainable Cities and Society, 10, 136-147.
Liou, J. J. H., Yen, L., & Tzeng, G.-H. (2008). Building an effective safety management system for airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 14(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2007.10.002
Liu, H., Silva, E. A., & Wang, Q. (2015). The Development of Creative Industries and Urban Land Use: Revisit the Interactions from Complexity Perspective. Creative Industries and Urban Spatial Structure, 15–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16610-0_2
Mareque, M., de Prada Creo, E., & Álvarez-Díaz, M. (2021). Exploring Creative Tourism Based on the Cultural and Creative Cities (C3) Index and Using Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. Sustainability, 13(9), 5145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095145
Masoudi, M., & Asadifard, E. (2023). Developing a new model for ecological capability evaluation of irrigated lands in Firouzabad Township, Iran. Aestimum, 81. https://doi.org/10.36253/aestim-13390
Męczyński, M. (2020). Development paths of creative cities: the case studies of Birmingham and Poznań. Acta Geographica Universitatis Comenianae, 64(2), 125-139.
Mengi, O., & Guaralda, M. (2020). Multidimensional management framework for creative places. Journal of Place Management and Development, 13(3), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-02-2019-0010
Mengi, O., Drinkwater, S. B. D., Öner, A. C., & Velibeyoglu, K. (2017). Place management of a creative city: the case of Izmir. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 8(3), 271. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijkbd.2017.086437
Meyrick, J., & Barnett, T. (2021). From public good to public value: arts and culture in a time of crisis. Cultural Trends, 30(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/09548963.2020.1844542
Mommaas, H. (2004). Cultural Clusters and the Post-industrial City: Towards the Remapping of Urban Cultural Policy. Urban Studies, 41(3), 507–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000178663
Montalto, V., Panella, F., & Sacco, P. L. (2021). What does Brexit mean for UK cultural and creative cities? European Urban and Regional Studies, 28(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776420970630
Morley, E. (2014). The Validating Arts & Livability Indicators (VALI) Study: Results and Recommendations-Prepared by the Urban Institute for the National Endowment for the Arts.
Murphy, E., & Redmond, D. (2009). The role of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ factors for accommodating creative knowledge: insights from Dublin’s ‘creative class.’ Irish Geography, 42(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00750770902815620
Namyślak, B. (2014). Cooperation and Forming Networks of Creative Cities: Polish Experiences. European Planning Studies, 22(11), 2411–2427. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.843652
Nkula-Wenz, L. (2019). Worlding Cape Town by design: Encounters with creative cityness. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 51(3), 581–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18796503
Orankiewicz, A., & Turała, M. (2021). Exploring paths to creative city emergence. The example of three Polish cities. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 13(3), 659–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12394
Orcao, A. I. E., Pérez, L. A. S., & García, B. S. V. (2017). Patterns and drivers of cultural economy in Spain’s extra-metropolitan small towns. Journal of Regional Research, (38), 27-45. Peck, J. (2012).
Recreative City: Amsterdam, Vehicular Ideas and the Adaptive Spaces of Creativity Policy. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 36(3), 462–485. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01071.x
Phriwanrat, K. (2020). The Research and Development of Tie-dyed Handicraft Products From Krabi Province for the Designing of Ko Klang Community’s Contemporary Souvenirs, Leading Krabi Province to Creative City. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies, 119-137. https://doi.org/10.14456/hasss.2020.6
Pourbehi, T., Jafarinia, G., Shamsoddini, A., & Ghalehteimouri, K. J. (2023). Introducing creative city factors as a solution in sustainable urban development: a case study from Bushehr City in Iran. Journal of Urban Culture Research, 26, 206-225. https://doi.org/10.14456/jucr.2023.12
Punpeng, G. (2020). Three Pillars of a Sustainable Creative City in ASEAN. Journal of Urban Culture Research, 125. https://doi.org/10.14456/jucr.2020.16
Redaelli, E. (2016). Creative placemaking and the NEA: unpacking a multi-level governance. Policy Studies, 37(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2016.1157857
Rodrigues, M., & Franco, M. (2020a). Networks and performance of creative cities: A bibliometric analysis. City, Culture and Society, 20, 100326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2019.100326
Rodrigues, M., & Franco, M. (2020b). Taxonomy of Holistic Performance of Current Creative Cities: Empirical Study. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 146(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)up.1943-5444.0000548
Rodrigues, M., Franco, M., Oliveira, C., Borges, A. P., & Silva, R. (2023). The Pandemic and the Creative Performance of Cities: An Empirical Study in Portugal. Smart Cities, 6(1), 445–468. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6010021
Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (2011). The Delphi technique: Past, present, and future prospects — Introduction to the special issue. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(9), 1487–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2011.09.002 Scott, A. J. (2006). Creative Cities: Conceptual Issues and Policy Questions. Journal of Urban Affairs, 28(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2006.00256.x
Shieh, J.-I., Wu, H.-H., & Huang, K.-K. (2010). A DEMATEL method in identifying key success factors of hospital service quality. Knowledge-Based Systems, 23(3), 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2010.01.013
Sokół, A. (2019). Empirical verification of the relationship between creative life orientations of the creative class and the creative city. GeoScape, 13(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.2478/geosc-2019-0006
Stefanidou, A. (2023). The Challenges Cities Face on Their Way Towards Creativity. Handbook of Research on Solving Societal Challenges Through Sustainability-Oriented Innovation, 135–158. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6123-5.ch008
Tan, S., & Tan, S. (2023). A creative place‐making framework – Story‐creation for a sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 31(5), 3673–3691. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2619
Trip, J. J., & Romein, A. (2014). Creative City Policy and the Gap with Theory. European Planning Studies, 22(12), 2490–2509. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.790592
Ursic, M. (2019). Inadequate adaptation of creative city paradigm? Taiwanese cultural and creative-led urban regeneration policies through the eyes of urban development experts. Space and Polity, 23(1), 67–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2019.1598257
Wong, B. (2012). The attractiveness of moving to a creative cluster (Master’s thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam).
Wood, S., & Dovey, K. (2017). Creative Multiplicities: Urban Morphologies of Creative Clustering. Journal of Urban Design, 20(1), 52–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2014.972346 Wu,
W. (2005). Dynamic Cities and Creative Clusters. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3509 Wu, W.-W., & Lee, Y.-T. (2007).
Developing global managers’ competencies using the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Expert Systems with Applications, 32(2), 499–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2005.12.005
Yu, C.-E., & Sun, R. (2019). The role of Instagram in the UNESCO’s creative city of gastronomy: A case study of Macau. Tourism Management, 75, 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.05.011
Yum, S. (2020). How Can We Measure the Magnitude of Creative Cities? A New Creativity Index: 3Ci. Creativity Research Journal, 32(2), 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2020.1751543
Zhang, C. (2019). The Chinese mosaic: Cultural diversity and creative cities. Journal of Regional Science, 59(2), 214–227. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12416
Zheng, J. (2021). Structuring artistic creativity for the production of a ‘creative city’:Urban sculpture planning in Shanghai. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 45(5), 795–813. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12986 Zhou, Q., Huang, W., & Zhang, Y. (2011). Identifying critical success factors in emergency management using a fuzzy DEMATEL method. Safety Science, 49(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.08.005
Zhu, H., & Yasami, M. (2021). Developing gastronomic resources: practices of UNESCO creative cities of gastronomy. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 39(4), 1406–1414. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.394spl11-784
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning
Volume 29, Issue 4
February 2025
Pages 7-26

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics