ارزیابی و تحلیل ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های تاب‌آوری کلان‌شهر تبریز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 1دکترای شهرسازی اسلامی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.

2 استاد دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی سهند، تبریز، ایران

3 دانشیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران

4 دانشیار دانشکده هنرهای لیبرال و مطالعات حرفه‌ای، دانشگاه یورک، تورنتو، کانادا.

چکیده

چکیده
امروزه عمدتاً شهرها و جوامع سکونت­گاهی در مکان­هایی ایجاد یا بنا شده­اند که به­لحاظ مخاطرات طبیعی درمعرض وقوع انواع سوانح طبیعی و یا به­دلیل پیشرفت­های تکنولوژی در معرض انواع سوانح انسان­ساخت هستند. نگاهی­که تاکنون در مدیریت سوانح و مدیریت شهری وجود داشته، بیشتر نگاه مقابله­ای و کاهش مخاطرات بوده است. دراین میان، مفهوم تاب­آوری، مفهوم جدیدی است که بیشتر در مواجهه با ناشناخته­ها و عدم قطعیت­ها به­کار برده می­شود. هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی و سنجش میزان تاب­آوری کلان­شهر تبریز بدون در نظر گرفتن تهدید مخاطره خاصی می­باشد. بنابراین، ابتدا مؤلفه­ها و ابعاد مطرح در تاب­آوری شهری تدقیق گردید. سپس با استفاده از دیدگاه خبرگان حوزه­های مختلف که کاملاً مشرف بر وضع­موجود کلان­شهر تبریز در حوزه تخصصی خود بوده­اند و نیز مطالعات تطبیقی، ابعاد و مؤلفه­های نهایی نگارندگان ارایه شد و با تحلیل پرسش­نامه­ها و انجام مطالعات و محاسبات لازم میزان تاب­آوری کلان­شهر تبریز در ابعاد و مؤلفه­های مختلف مورد ارزیابی و سنجش قرار گرفت. با توجه به نتایج حاصل شده، میزان میانگین تاب­آوری شهر تبریز برابر 23/2 است (پایین­تر از 3) که نشان می­دهد درمجموع خبرگان براین نظر اعتقاد دارند که تبریز از لحاظ تاب­آوری در وضعیت کاملاً مطلوبی نیست. بااین­حال بعد اجتماعی-فرهنگی بالاترین رتبه را در تاب­آوری کلان­شهر تبریز دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation and Analysis of Dimensions and Components of Tabriz Metropolis Resiliency

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Reza Farzad Behtash 1
  • Mohammad Ali Keynejhad 2
  • Mohammad Taghi Pirbabaei 3
  • Ali Asgary 4
1 PhD on Islamic Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
2 Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Nowadays, cities and communities have been established in places where are exposed to different disasters or due to technological progress are exposed to man-made incidents. The view to disaster management and urban management has been changed from response and mitigation to resilience and bounce back. Resilience is a new concept which was introduced by Hollings (1979) in ecology. This concept is used in uncertainties and unknowns and based on the latest definition of resilience in National Academy (2012) resilience is “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from or more successfully adapt to actual or potential adverse events”. The objective of this study is to assess and analyze the resilience of Tabriz. Therefore, based on seventeen relevant studies including previous authors study, influential factors in urban resiliency were classified and categorized into seven dimensions and their related components. The dimensions are mitigation, infrastructure, physical, environment, socio-cultural, economic, and management which has been tried to be complete and comprehensive to cover all aspect of urban resilience. Then, the questionnaire was designed and distributed between 40 scholars and expertise of relevant fields such as disaster management, urban planning, social and economic sciences, civil engineering and environment studies. Each items of questionnaire was included of five sections from 1 (completely vulnerable) to 5 (completely resilience). It was asked them to specify the condition of Tabriz in each component. Finally, obtained results of questionnaire was analyzed and evaluated by SPSS. It was clarified that the mean of resilience in hazard mitigation is 2.3, in infrastructural is 2.18, in structural and physical is 2, in economic is 1.94, in environment is 2.23, in socio-cultural is 2.8, and in management is 2.16. The most resilient components of mitigation dimension are education and drills, governance role, and risk and vulnerability assessment. For infrastructural dimension, they are critical infrastructure, lifelines and urban facilities. Neighborhood coherence, land use and urban fabrics are the most resilient components of physical dimension. In economy, value of property, occupation and salary, and economic stability are more resilient components. The most resilient component of environment is biodiversity. Political stability is resilient component of management dimension. It is noticeable the entire mean of resilience for Tabriz is 2.23 (less than 3) which indicates inappropriate resilience condition of Tabriz based on experts’ perspectives. The most proper dimension also is socio-cultural. In this dimension, beliefs, family structure, ideology and religion, ethnicity, attachment sense, cultural capital and social capital are resilient components. It is obvious that Tabriz can be introduced as a resilient city whenever all components and therefore all dimensions of defined and proposed model are in a proper and suitable condition. Although, Tabriz is in better condition of socio-cultural dimension, the results of other dimensions and also entire resilience of Tabriz state vulnerability of the city. Therefore, authorities and managers of city should not ignore improper condition of other dimensions and they should move towards resilience improvement.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Key Words: Resiliency
  • Emergencies
  • vulnerability
  • Disaster management
  • Tabriz Metropolis
فرزادبهتاش، محمدرضا(1387)، مدیریت سوانح، دانش‌نامه مدیریت شهری و روستایی، وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فنآوری، سازمان شهرداری‌ها و دهیاری‌های کشور، صص704-707.
فرزادبهتاش، محمدرضا و همکاران(1390)، بررسی میزان تاب‌آوری محیطی با استفاده از مدل شبکه علیت، مجله علمی پژوهشی محیط‌شناسی، سال سی‌وهفتم، شمارة 59، صص99-112.
فرزادبهتاش، محمدرضا و همکاران(1391)، تبیین ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های تاب‌آوری شهرهای اسلامی، فصل‌نامه علمی پژوهشی مطالعات شهرهای ایرانی اسلامی، شماره 9، صص113-121.
ADPC(2004), CBDRM Field Practitioners’ Handbook, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand.
Ainuddin, S., Routray, Jayant Kumar(2012), Community resilience framework for an earthquake prone area in Baluchistan, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2, 25-36.
Birkmann,J(2006), Indicators and Criteria, In Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies, edited by J. Birkmann,United Nations University Press, Tokyo.
Bruneau, M., S. E. Chang, R. T. Eguchi, G. C. Lee, T. D. O'Rourke, A. M. Reinhorn, M. Shinozuka, K. T.
Tierney, W. A. Wallace, and D. von Winterfeldt(2003), A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities, Earthquake Spectra Vol. 19, No. 4: 733–752.
CED(2000), The Community Resilience Manual: A Resource for Rural Recovery and Renewal, ISBN: 1-895818-40-0, The Center for Community Enterprise, British Columbia, Canada.
CSIRO Australia, Arizona State University, Stockholm University(2007), A Resilience Alliance Initiative for Transitioning Urban Systems towards Sustainable Futures, ???????????.
Cutter, Susan L., Lindsey Barnes, Melissa Berry, Christopher Burton, Elijah Evans, Eric Tate, and Jennifer Webb(2008a), Community and Regional Resilience: Perspectives from Hazards, Disasters, and Emergency Management, CARRI Research Report1.
Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., Webb, J.(2008b), A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters, Global Environmental Change 18, 598-606.
Emergency Management Australia (EMA)(2001), Assessing resiliency and vulnerability: principles, strategies and actions, Philip Buckle, Graham Marsh and Sydney Smale.
Farzad Behtash (2010), Conceptual Models for Disaster Resilient Communities, International Disaster and Risk Conference, IDRC, Davos Swiss.
Farzad Behtash (2012), Considering Social and Cultural Dimension of Resilient Cities, International Disaster and Risk Conference, IDRC, Davos Swiss.
Foster, H.D(1997), The Ozymandias principles: Thirty-one strategies for surviving change, UBC Press, Victoria, Canada. Godschalk, David R(2003), Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities, Natural Hazards Review Vol. 4, No. 3: 136-143.
Harrison, P. and F . Pearce(2000), AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment, Los Angeles: University of California Press. Henestra, D., Kovacs, P., McBean, G. and Sweeting, R(2004), Background Paper on Disaster Resilient Cities, Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, Toronto.
Klein, R.G.N & Thomalla, F(2003), Resilience to Natural Hazard: How Useful is this Concept, Environmental Hazards. Longstaff, P. H., Armstrong, N. J., Perrin, K., Parker, W. M., Hidek, M. A.(2010), Building resilient communities: a preliminary framework for assessment, Homeland security affairs, Volume VI, NO. 3.
Mayunga, Joseph S(2007), Understanding and applying the concept of community disaster resilience: a capital-base approach, ???????????
McEntire, D. A., Fuller, C. & Weber, R(2002), A Comparison of Disaster Paradigm: the Search for a Holistic Policy, Public Administration Review, ???????, ??????????.
Mitchell, T., Harris, K.(2012), Resilience: a risk management approach, background note, ODI.
National Academy(2012), Disaster Resilience: a National Imperative, Committee on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters, Washington D.C.
NOAA, Coastal Services Center(2007), Summary of the NOAA Three community Resilience Salons. Washington D.C.: NOAA, Coastal Services Center.
Normandin J.-M, Therrien M.-C, Tanguay G.A(2011), City strength in times of turbulence: strategic resilience indicators, Urban Affairs Association 41st Conference, New Orleans.
Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., Pfefferbaum, R. L.(2008), Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness, Am J Community Psychol, 41: 127-150.
Olshansky, R. B., and J. D. Kartez(1998), Managing land use to build resilience, In Cooperating with nature: confronting natural hazards with land use planning for sustainable communities, edited by R. J. Burby. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press.
Wildavsky, A(1988), Searching for Safety, New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
www.unescap.org