University of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602026320211126Explaining the Evaluation Model for Adaptive Reuse of Tehran Heritage Houses
(by F’ANP Model)Explaining the Evaluation Model for Adaptive Reuse of Tehran Heritage Houses
(by F’ANP Model)5198617910.22059/jfaup.2022.316189.672568FAPiroozHanachiFaculty Member (Professor) School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, Tehran University0000-0002-3150-6501YaldaShahteimouriPhD Student in Restoration and Revitalization of Historic Buildings and Fabrics, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, Tehran University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20201231In a world where change is both permanent and inevitable, it is very important to adapt heritage buildings to today’s functions within the context of conservation methods in order to ensure their continuity. Buildings that are considered to be part of cultural heritage often undergo functional and physical changes over time with regards to their status and appearance. In case these buildings become unable to meet their original use over time, or in cases their relevant function becomes inappropriate in the current situation, it becomes necessary to make spatial changes within their structure. Towards revitalizing and generating sustainable values of these buildings, many heritage buildings of cultural and historic significance are being adapted and reused rather than being demolished. To ensure the conservation of cultural properties, cultural heritages, and their historical, cultural, and aesthetic values, as well as to ensure the continuity of the cultural link between the past and the future, it is important to consider their potential new uses and functions. Today, the adaptive reuse is considered as one of the main strategies for conserving architectural heritage in theoretical and practical discussions of conservation. This process generally refers to conservation of heritage buildings without transforming them for new uses and more appropriate functions, while keeping their original structure, character, and identity for future generations. Adaptive reuse is an important aspect of preservation and conservation, and involves the reintegration of a historical structure into daily life through a new function. Using buildings outside of their original intended purpose, and benefiting from these buildings by providing them with new functions through which they can service society, contributes to the interaction between individuals, the buildings and society. Adaptive reuse can provide the added benefit of regenerating an area in a sustainable manner. However, it is also necessary to find the proper balance between the preservation of a cultural property and the change of its functions. There is always a need for learning from past experiences, evaluating the mistakes and successes after adaptation and reuse; and due to the significance of a comprehensive view and an integrated approach in assessing reuse projects, it is necessary to identify comprehensive indices with relative weight and importance. Hence, with a mixed methodological approach, this paper tries to achieve a full understanding of adaptive reuse indices by reviewing literature review and international documents in this field and then provides the evaluation model for adaptive reuse of heritage houses in Tehran. Therefore, 19 indicators derived from adaptive reuse are divided by F’ANP to the forming dimensions and then their relative significance is determined through the network analysis process. The results of this study demonstrate that 4 criteria of "enhancing economic structure", "socio-cultural development", "physical sustainability", and "environmental considerations" have had the greatest impact on adaptive reuse of Tehran heritage buildings and the regional characteristics index is of the highest significance in assessment. Following these indices, the environmental considerations, physical potential for functional change, creating employment opportunities, conservation measures, tourism development, and cultural preservation are the subsequent priorities.In a world where change is both permanent and inevitable, it is very important to adapt heritage buildings to today’s functions within the context of conservation methods in order to ensure their continuity. Buildings that are considered to be part of cultural heritage often undergo functional and physical changes over time with regards to their status and appearance. In case these buildings become unable to meet their original use over time, or in cases their relevant function becomes inappropriate in the current situation, it becomes necessary to make spatial changes within their structure. Towards revitalizing and generating sustainable values of these buildings, many heritage buildings of cultural and historic significance are being adapted and reused rather than being demolished. To ensure the conservation of cultural properties, cultural heritages, and their historical, cultural, and aesthetic values, as well as to ensure the continuity of the cultural link between the past and the future, it is important to consider their potential new uses and functions. Today, the adaptive reuse is considered as one of the main strategies for conserving architectural heritage in theoretical and practical discussions of conservation. This process generally refers to conservation of heritage buildings without transforming them for new uses and more appropriate functions, while keeping their original structure, character, and identity for future generations. Adaptive reuse is an important aspect of preservation and conservation, and involves the reintegration of a historical structure into daily life through a new function. Using buildings outside of their original intended purpose, and benefiting from these buildings by providing them with new functions through which they can service society, contributes to the interaction between individuals, the buildings and society. Adaptive reuse can provide the added benefit of regenerating an area in a sustainable manner. However, it is also necessary to find the proper balance between the preservation of a cultural property and the change of its functions. There is always a need for learning from past experiences, evaluating the mistakes and successes after adaptation and reuse; and due to the significance of a comprehensive view and an integrated approach in assessing reuse projects, it is necessary to identify comprehensive indices with relative weight and importance. Hence, with a mixed methodological approach, this paper tries to achieve a full understanding of adaptive reuse indices by reviewing literature review and international documents in this field and then provides the evaluation model for adaptive reuse of heritage houses in Tehran. Therefore, 19 indicators derived from adaptive reuse are divided by F’ANP to the forming dimensions and then their relative significance is determined through the network analysis process. The results of this study demonstrate that 4 criteria of "enhancing economic structure", "socio-cultural development", "physical sustainability", and "environmental considerations" have had the greatest impact on adaptive reuse of Tehran heritage buildings and the regional characteristics index is of the highest significance in assessment. Following these indices, the environmental considerations, physical potential for functional change, creating employment opportunities, conservation measures, tourism development, and cultural preservation are the subsequent priorities.University of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602026320211122The Red Hue and Color Sharpness in Qajar Architecture,
Color Research on 20 Springhouse Ceilings in Tabriz The Red Hue and Color Sharpness in Qajar Architecture,
Color Research on 20 Springhouse Ceilings in Tabriz 21308615410.22059/jfaup.2022.337228.672739FAMassudWahdattalab1Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.0000000252210267ShabnamJafariMaster of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0002-3301-3380Journal Article20201122Being one of the aesthetic elements, color has always held a significant position in Iranian architecture. Observation of the works of architecture remaining from the Qajar era suggests the idea that sharp colors have had a greater application and have been more warmly embraced. For this purpose, the houses in Tabriz –the city known as Qajar Princes’ place of residence and home to some of the best set of residential buildings- have been selected for the present case study. On the other hand, springhouses have always had distinct ornaments and striking colored ceilings given their pivotal role for family get-togethers. In other words, the main reason behind choosing the ceilings of these spaces for the present case study is their distinguished and unparalleled position compared to the other structural canopies in similar spaces. The present study seeks to investigate the chromatology of Qajar era architecture and verify the idea indicating the sharpness and vividness of the colors used in it through monitoring the frequency of hues and chroma of the ceilings from this era. The study seeks to answer the following questions: Which hues are more widely present in the case study? Which level of chroma would the colors used be categorized into, and does this level of chroma place them in the vividness range? The statistical population comprised 43 ceilings, all of which were determined through field study and filtered based on the important criteria of the presence of color, authenticity, and health. Eventually, 20 ceilings that were mainly remaining from the Qajar era were selected, and their color ranges were identified using Mansell and ISCC-NBS color systems. The reflected plan of the ceilings was then drawn and color contents were calculated through field study, photographing, and the use of drawing and illustration software. The research method was descriptive-analytic and data collection was carried out through desk research and field study. Results indicated that the color palette (frequent colors) of the ceilings mainly included the three hues of "red, blue, and green", with the colors from the red hue ranking first in terms of quantity at 36.33%. Color chroma assessment indicated that most (81.48%) of the colors used have been selected from a color range with high chroma levels which appears to be a deliberate strategy to imply more sharpness and articulation. The result of such an architectural taste is the dominant establishment of the used colors in the vivid range, a taste that has probably been close to the preferable color taste of its time. The impressiveness of the ceilings' color coordination is undoubtedly largely owing to the presence of the color white. This color has appeared in an embossed form and saved the final composition from color accumulation and chaos by enclosing the colors. Falling into the category of unpainted materials, the color white has a quantity almost equal to the red hue at 35.9%, which indicates that Qajar architects and designers had a great level of artistic skill and wisdom to manage and organize colors. Being one of the aesthetic elements, color has always held a significant position in Iranian architecture. Observation of the works of architecture remaining from the Qajar era suggests the idea that sharp colors have had a greater application and have been more warmly embraced. For this purpose, the houses in Tabriz –the city known as Qajar Princes’ place of residence and home to some of the best set of residential buildings- have been selected for the present case study. On the other hand, springhouses have always had distinct ornaments and striking colored ceilings given their pivotal role for family get-togethers. In other words, the main reason behind choosing the ceilings of these spaces for the present case study is their distinguished and unparalleled position compared to the other structural canopies in similar spaces. The present study seeks to investigate the chromatology of Qajar era architecture and verify the idea indicating the sharpness and vividness of the colors used in it through monitoring the frequency of hues and chroma of the ceilings from this era. The study seeks to answer the following questions: Which hues are more widely present in the case study? Which level of chroma would the colors used be categorized into, and does this level of chroma place them in the vividness range? The statistical population comprised 43 ceilings, all of which were determined through field study and filtered based on the important criteria of the presence of color, authenticity, and health. Eventually, 20 ceilings that were mainly remaining from the Qajar era were selected, and their color ranges were identified using Mansell and ISCC-NBS color systems. The reflected plan of the ceilings was then drawn and color contents were calculated through field study, photographing, and the use of drawing and illustration software. The research method was descriptive-analytic and data collection was carried out through desk research and field study. Results indicated that the color palette (frequent colors) of the ceilings mainly included the three hues of "red, blue, and green", with the colors from the red hue ranking first in terms of quantity at 36.33%. Color chroma assessment indicated that most (81.48%) of the colors used have been selected from a color range with high chroma levels which appears to be a deliberate strategy to imply more sharpness and articulation. The result of such an architectural taste is the dominant establishment of the used colors in the vivid range, a taste that has probably been close to the preferable color taste of its time. The impressiveness of the ceilings' color coordination is undoubtedly largely owing to the presence of the color white. This color has appeared in an embossed form and saved the final composition from color accumulation and chaos by enclosing the colors. Falling into the category of unpainted materials, the color white has a quantity almost equal to the red hue at 35.9%, which indicates that Qajar architects and designers had a great level of artistic skill and wisdom to manage and organize colors. University of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602026320211122Interpretation of Mashhad concept, and its relation to Nine-Domes Shabestan (Case study: Haji Piyada Mashhad of Blakh)Interpretation of Mashhad concept, and its relation to Nine-Domes Shabestan (Case study: Haji Piyada Mashhad of Blakh)31448611210.22059/jfaup.2022.316920.672572FAErfanHeydariPh.D. candidate in architecture, Faculty of Architecture & Urban Design, Art university of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-0793-5533Hamid RezaAnsariAssistant Professor in architecture, school of architecture, college of fine arts, university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-9863-3003ParnianSaeiMaster candidate in Sustainable Architecture and Landscape design, Landscape Architecture group, Campus of Piacenza, politecnico di Milano, Piacenza, ItalyJournal Article20210122Tomb making is common in many cultures. Making of these tombs in each nation are unique based on their religions, rituals and traditions. This issue comes across a term called Mashhad that is sometimes referred to as a tomb and in other cases as a memorial. This article examines the issue in two parts: Theoretical research and Case-study. The first section deals with recognizing the content of Mashhad and examining its formal paradigm and examine issue based on the description of Robert Hillenbrand who regards Mashhad has both distinct paradigm: types of domes and nine domes. The focus of this research is to study the paradigm of nine domes shabestan and its relationship with Mashhad. The second part of this paper examines Haji Piyada mosque as a case study with a similar pattern. As well as function and examine the various theories surrounding this building based on historical analysis as a narration. The purpose of this study is explanation of structural-functional concepts of Mashhad and its relation to the Nine-Domes Shabestan. The research method is Interpretive-historical method and case study review. This article schemed three questions: 1) Functionally, what concepts of Mashhad application can be read? 2) What is the relation of the Nine-domes Shabestan and the concept of Mashhad, in addition its evolution and continuity? 3) As a case study: According to the historical-interpretation of Mashhad Haji Piyada Balkh, what is the relation of its Nine-Domes Shabestan to the concept of Mashhad?<br /><br />The results show that Mashhad not only is not just a tomb, but also it is a symbol and monument. As in many cases the symbolism is preceded of its pilgrimage feature. As well as many cases it is associated with nine domes shabestan. In this research two analyzes had exegesis: The first analysis refers to examples that from the beginning was idea plan for creating Mashhad and the second analysis refers to examples that for a variety of reasons, such as miracles and traditions in addition to their sacred existence, which generally includes a blessed building like a mosque, have added another aspect which is generally a symbolic approach. Each of these species find meaning based on three distinct forms. 1) Mashhad, as a tomb to commemorate 2) Mashhad as a monument to promote political status 3) Mashhad, as a symbol for readout an event. Investigations on Mashhad of Balkh Haji Piyada show that this building is one of the earliest examples which it has nine domes paradigm and multiple themes. This paradigm is influenced by an Iranian theme and undoubtedly, due to its native and environmental influences and the architect's taste and experience, it has undergone its own changes. Mashhad of Balkh Haji Piyada has three periods of development that Mashhad's approach was likely in all three periods. The first period that the Barmak governor had a political-memorial idea, in the next time that tomb attaches building and eventually, as well as the people who were in this place for the sanctity performed Ihram and pilgrimage.Tomb making is common in many cultures. Making of these tombs in each nation are unique based on their religions, rituals and traditions. This issue comes across a term called Mashhad that is sometimes referred to as a tomb and in other cases as a memorial. This article examines the issue in two parts: Theoretical research and Case-study. The first section deals with recognizing the content of Mashhad and examining its formal paradigm and examine issue based on the description of Robert Hillenbrand who regards Mashhad has both distinct paradigm: types of domes and nine domes. The focus of this research is to study the paradigm of nine domes shabestan and its relationship with Mashhad. The second part of this paper examines Haji Piyada mosque as a case study with a similar pattern. As well as function and examine the various theories surrounding this building based on historical analysis as a narration. The purpose of this study is explanation of structural-functional concepts of Mashhad and its relation to the Nine-Domes Shabestan. The research method is Interpretive-historical method and case study review. This article schemed three questions: 1) Functionally, what concepts of Mashhad application can be read? 2) What is the relation of the Nine-domes Shabestan and the concept of Mashhad, in addition its evolution and continuity? 3) As a case study: According to the historical-interpretation of Mashhad Haji Piyada Balkh, what is the relation of its Nine-Domes Shabestan to the concept of Mashhad?<br /><br />The results show that Mashhad not only is not just a tomb, but also it is a symbol and monument. As in many cases the symbolism is preceded of its pilgrimage feature. As well as many cases it is associated with nine domes shabestan. In this research two analyzes had exegesis: The first analysis refers to examples that from the beginning was idea plan for creating Mashhad and the second analysis refers to examples that for a variety of reasons, such as miracles and traditions in addition to their sacred existence, which generally includes a blessed building like a mosque, have added another aspect which is generally a symbolic approach. Each of these species find meaning based on three distinct forms. 1) Mashhad, as a tomb to commemorate 2) Mashhad as a monument to promote political status 3) Mashhad, as a symbol for readout an event. Investigations on Mashhad of Balkh Haji Piyada show that this building is one of the earliest examples which it has nine domes paradigm and multiple themes. This paradigm is influenced by an Iranian theme and undoubtedly, due to its native and environmental influences and the architect's taste and experience, it has undergone its own changes. Mashhad of Balkh Haji Piyada has three periods of development that Mashhad's approach was likely in all three periods. The first period that the Barmak governor had a political-memorial idea, in the next time that tomb attaches building and eventually, as well as the people who were in this place for the sanctity performed Ihram and pilgrimage.University of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602026320211122Presenting an optimal model by comparison of Factor Analysis FA, Analytic Network Process ANP and F’ANP methods to improve their application in urban planningPresenting an optimal model by comparison of Factor Analysis FA, Analytic Network Process ANP and F’ANP methods to improve their application in urban planning45588602710.22059/jfaup.2022.314998.672559FAMohammad RezaFarzad Behtashy Azad, Branch North, Engineering of Faculty, Design Urban and Planning Urban of Department, Professor Assistant 1
.Iran, TehranNaimehRashidih North, Engineering of Faculty, Design Urban and Planning Urban of UrbaDepartment, Planning Urban of Candidate PhD 2
.Iran, Tehran, University AJournal Article20201219Evaluation and analysis methods help to have a better understanding of the collected information and the results of the analysis of the research. Factor analysis (FA) is a multicriteria analysis that can be used to convert a large number of obtained criterias into a limited number of factors and then it can calculate and interprete on them. Analytic Network process (ANP) is also a multi-criteria evaluation method that allows data to be analyzed easily due to the simplicity of calculations, but this method has limitations in use due to its subjective ranking. Using the advantages of both methods, the F'ANP model makes it possible to first break down the constituent dimensions into components by using of factors analysis (FA) and then prioritize the dimensions and elements using Analytic Network Process (ANP).The F’ANP model was introduced in 2013 by Esfandiar Zabrdast to construct a composite index to determine the degree of social vulnerability to earthquakes and to minimize the shortcomings of conventional methods of composite index construction. The present study is applying in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In this research, First, three methods which includes Factor analysis (FA), Analytic network process (ANP) and F'ANP, are introduced, and then a research which entitled "Evaluation of Mehr housing policies in Iran and providing solutions to improve it", which was previously analyzed by the authors using Factor analysis (FA), is re-analyzed by ANP and F'ANP methods to compare the results and then express the strengths and weaknesses points of each one. And Finally, a model will be introduced for the optimal use of these methods in various urban problems. The model is explained to indicate FA, ANP and F'ANP's priority in solving different urban problems. According to the results of the research, when the purpose is to determine the effective criteria and indicators of the research topic or when the purpose is: analyzing the relationship between the indicators of a topic, FA is a good choice (As an example; Explaining the key criterias of the process of formation of place’s identity in new urban development). If the purpose of the research is to prioritize or rank the options according to the indicators and factors affecting them or to compare two categories of the same gender according to the indicators which affecting it, it is better to use The Analytic Network Process (As an example; sustainable residential complexes location). And finally F’ANP method can be used in researches in which at first we search to identify indicators and criteria and then prioritizes options (As an example; Evaluation and analysis of physical resilience in an area of Tehran against earthquakes) and for making composit criterias. The comparison of the results shows that the obtained factors and indicators are almost the same and only their priority is different after analyzing with three different methods. According to the research it can be said that the lack of knowledge about the existence of the F’ANP method is the reason for less acceptance of it.Evaluation and analysis methods help to have a better understanding of the collected information and the results of the analysis of the research. Factor analysis (FA) is a multicriteria analysis that can be used to convert a large number of obtained criterias into a limited number of factors and then it can calculate and interprete on them. Analytic Network process (ANP) is also a multi-criteria evaluation method that allows data to be analyzed easily due to the simplicity of calculations, but this method has limitations in use due to its subjective ranking. Using the advantages of both methods, the F'ANP model makes it possible to first break down the constituent dimensions into components by using of factors analysis (FA) and then prioritize the dimensions and elements using Analytic Network Process (ANP).The F’ANP model was introduced in 2013 by Esfandiar Zabrdast to construct a composite index to determine the degree of social vulnerability to earthquakes and to minimize the shortcomings of conventional methods of composite index construction. The present study is applying in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In this research, First, three methods which includes Factor analysis (FA), Analytic network process (ANP) and F'ANP, are introduced, and then a research which entitled "Evaluation of Mehr housing policies in Iran and providing solutions to improve it", which was previously analyzed by the authors using Factor analysis (FA), is re-analyzed by ANP and F'ANP methods to compare the results and then express the strengths and weaknesses points of each one. And Finally, a model will be introduced for the optimal use of these methods in various urban problems. The model is explained to indicate FA, ANP and F'ANP's priority in solving different urban problems. According to the results of the research, when the purpose is to determine the effective criteria and indicators of the research topic or when the purpose is: analyzing the relationship between the indicators of a topic, FA is a good choice (As an example; Explaining the key criterias of the process of formation of place’s identity in new urban development). If the purpose of the research is to prioritize or rank the options according to the indicators and factors affecting them or to compare two categories of the same gender according to the indicators which affecting it, it is better to use The Analytic Network Process (As an example; sustainable residential complexes location). And finally F’ANP method can be used in researches in which at first we search to identify indicators and criteria and then prioritizes options (As an example; Evaluation and analysis of physical resilience in an area of Tehran against earthquakes) and for making composit criterias. The comparison of the results shows that the obtained factors and indicators are almost the same and only their priority is different after analyzing with three different methods. According to the research it can be said that the lack of knowledge about the existence of the F’ANP method is the reason for less acceptance of it.University of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602026320211122Design of Acoustic Panels in the Walls in Interior Spaces of Building by Imitating the Mechanism of FernsDesign of Acoustic Panels in the Walls in Interior Spaces of Building by Imitating the Mechanism of Ferns59708559310.22059/jfaup.2022.309215.672522FASetarehBabakhani FardMaster, of Architecture, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran,MahdiehAbraveshAssistant Professor, School of Architecture, college of Fine Arts, University of TehranMostafaGholipour GashnianiAssistant Professor, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran,, Babolsar, IranArmanMahmoudi OtaghvariAssociate professor, Department of Biology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, IranJournal Article20200913Noise pollution is one of the most important factors in architectural spaces that has a great impact on the comfort of residents. Today, man-made materials are used for improving the sound performance of buildings. For this purpose, it has been tried to find a way to control noise pollution with different materials such as glass wool, rock wool, foam types and acoustic tiles. Most of these materials are factors of environmental degradation and are not recyclable. The purpose of this study is to investigate the acoustic properties of plants and finding a suitable species to reduce noise pollution between two adjacent spaces, also imitating the ferns in order to improve the sound reduction of interior walls between residential units. This research is based on six stages. In the first stage, according to studies on the mechanism of plant texture, it is shown that plants have the ability to absorb sound. By using bionic methods, plants have been identified and their morphology has been done to determine the plant species that has this property. The second part of the research involves identifying the factors affecting sound absorption. At this stage, the possibility of adapting the acoustic principles to the plant texture has been measured. Then the effective parameters in its sound absorption have been investigated by computational and laboratory methods (using scales, calipers, AutoCAD software and Photoshop). Finally, the effect of the sound reduction on the wall is investigated by testing the panel via Cool Edit software and using the impedance tube. According to the results, the non-native fern "Nephrolepis exaltata" is an effective plant in sound absorption. Generally, non-native species of Iran have better sound absorption. According to the research results, all sound absorbers are like a soil layer and don’t have plant layer. The double-wall at frequencies of 250, 500, 1500, 1000 and 2000 Hz has the first priority and then the panel with the vegetable layer. The single-wall panel was tested by an impedance tube in the frequency range of 63 to 1600 Hz and the amount of sound reduction increased by increasing the frequency. The amount of sound reduction reached 18.29db at the frequency of 1600 Hz. This number is acceptable compared to other existing walls, for example, the amount of sound reduction of a wall with gypsum coated panels with mineral fibers with a thickness of 10 cm is 45 dB, while the designed panel with a thickness of 4 cm reduces the sound about 18 dB And by optimizing and increasing the thickness of the panel, the amount of sound reduction can be increased. To use the proposed walls in apartments and other spaces, panels with different characteristics as various thicknesses, different percentages of rice stem and poplar wood and different densities, hardness test on the wall, the aesthetics, the cleanliness of the panels, the late burning of the panels and the exact amount of sound reduction of each wall should be examined and tested.Noise pollution is one of the most important factors in architectural spaces that has a great impact on the comfort of residents. Today, man-made materials are used for improving the sound performance of buildings. For this purpose, it has been tried to find a way to control noise pollution with different materials such as glass wool, rock wool, foam types and acoustic tiles. Most of these materials are factors of environmental degradation and are not recyclable. The purpose of this study is to investigate the acoustic properties of plants and finding a suitable species to reduce noise pollution between two adjacent spaces, also imitating the ferns in order to improve the sound reduction of interior walls between residential units. This research is based on six stages. In the first stage, according to studies on the mechanism of plant texture, it is shown that plants have the ability to absorb sound. By using bionic methods, plants have been identified and their morphology has been done to determine the plant species that has this property. The second part of the research involves identifying the factors affecting sound absorption. At this stage, the possibility of adapting the acoustic principles to the plant texture has been measured. Then the effective parameters in its sound absorption have been investigated by computational and laboratory methods (using scales, calipers, AutoCAD software and Photoshop). Finally, the effect of the sound reduction on the wall is investigated by testing the panel via Cool Edit software and using the impedance tube. According to the results, the non-native fern "Nephrolepis exaltata" is an effective plant in sound absorption. Generally, non-native species of Iran have better sound absorption. According to the research results, all sound absorbers are like a soil layer and don’t have plant layer. The double-wall at frequencies of 250, 500, 1500, 1000 and 2000 Hz has the first priority and then the panel with the vegetable layer. The single-wall panel was tested by an impedance tube in the frequency range of 63 to 1600 Hz and the amount of sound reduction increased by increasing the frequency. The amount of sound reduction reached 18.29db at the frequency of 1600 Hz. This number is acceptable compared to other existing walls, for example, the amount of sound reduction of a wall with gypsum coated panels with mineral fibers with a thickness of 10 cm is 45 dB, while the designed panel with a thickness of 4 cm reduces the sound about 18 dB And by optimizing and increasing the thickness of the panel, the amount of sound reduction can be increased. To use the proposed walls in apartments and other spaces, panels with different characteristics as various thicknesses, different percentages of rice stem and poplar wood and different densities, hardness test on the wall, the aesthetics, the cleanliness of the panels, the late burning of the panels and the exact amount of sound reduction of each wall should be examined and tested.University of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602026320211122Comparison of different louver configurations for daylight and energy optimization in Bandar Abbas and TabrizComparison of different louver configurations for daylight and energy optimization in Bandar Abbas and Tabriz71848639110.22059/jfaup.2022.333965.672718FANarimanRafatiMaster of Sustainable Achitecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.HaniyehSanaieianAssistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.MohsenFaiziProfessor, Department of Applied Arts )Landscape), Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.0000000310220990Journal Article20201119Selecting a proper daylighting system can help minimize artificial lighting, control energy consumption and, consequently downsize air-conditioning systems. This issue becomes more critical when building facades are mainly glazed. In fully glazed facade, daylighting systems perform sufficiently enough in terms of solar protection, daylighting harvesting, and interior heat gain. Simultaneously, they can block the daylight entity, cause the need for artificial light and prevent the winter solar radiation. Increasing the number of influential factors in louver design will complicate their design processes. Louvers are made up of numerous horizontal, vertical, or sloping slats. Louvre properties with complex features and several parameters, such as tilt angle and solar angle of incidence rotation angle, shape, size, configuration, and color of slats, all impact glare and visibility and build energy efficiency Not only several parameters of the louver device but also the variety of analyzing factors such as energy performance and visual comfort affect the design process. Overlooking each setting has a significant effect on optimization results. Due to this complexity, most research in this domain narrowed to a limited range of variables. Besides, since the focus of most research in this field has been on multi optimization, the final step of them has been the attainment of optimizing results. Optimization is the procedure of finding the minimum or maximum value of a function by choosing a number of variables subject to a number of constraints. The optimization function is called cost or fitness or objective function and is usually calculated using simulation tools Yet, the further level, which is proposing proper design alternatives for each climate, has been neglected. This research not only proposed a workflow to optimize building louvers by considering the most promising influential factors but also proposed design alternatives in understudied climate zones. These alternatives will be proposed by categorizing the results from Pareto Front GA optimization. We will come up with specific louver features which compatible with a specific climate. These design alternatives are assessed by energy performance, visual and thermal comfort in the mentioned climates. The research will be carried on by a mixed-method research approach. We will evaluate energy, visual, and thermal comfort based on the quantitative methods, and then try to categorize obtained cases by climate based on the quantitative method. To do that, Firstly, we define variable parameters of louver forms and their position on building façades. Secondly, we set three different climate zones based on the Koppen classification. We will analyze the energy performance, thermal and visual comfort of incorporating louvers in these climates. Thirdly, since several possible solutions will be gained, we employ a Pareto chart to reach optimized outcomes. Furthermore, Finally, based on the achieved design alternative, we will use qualitative research on categorizing results in each climate zone. The results show the significant change between louver parameters in Bandar Abbas and Tabriz in depth and angles. Since louver materials don’t affect energy consumption for heating and cooling, the optimization algorithm has been benefitted from material with high reflectance.Selecting a proper daylighting system can help minimize artificial lighting, control energy consumption and, consequently downsize air-conditioning systems. This issue becomes more critical when building facades are mainly glazed. In fully glazed facade, daylighting systems perform sufficiently enough in terms of solar protection, daylighting harvesting, and interior heat gain. Simultaneously, they can block the daylight entity, cause the need for artificial light and prevent the winter solar radiation. Increasing the number of influential factors in louver design will complicate their design processes. Louvers are made up of numerous horizontal, vertical, or sloping slats. Louvre properties with complex features and several parameters, such as tilt angle and solar angle of incidence rotation angle, shape, size, configuration, and color of slats, all impact glare and visibility and build energy efficiency Not only several parameters of the louver device but also the variety of analyzing factors such as energy performance and visual comfort affect the design process. Overlooking each setting has a significant effect on optimization results. Due to this complexity, most research in this domain narrowed to a limited range of variables. Besides, since the focus of most research in this field has been on multi optimization, the final step of them has been the attainment of optimizing results. Optimization is the procedure of finding the minimum or maximum value of a function by choosing a number of variables subject to a number of constraints. The optimization function is called cost or fitness or objective function and is usually calculated using simulation tools Yet, the further level, which is proposing proper design alternatives for each climate, has been neglected. This research not only proposed a workflow to optimize building louvers by considering the most promising influential factors but also proposed design alternatives in understudied climate zones. These alternatives will be proposed by categorizing the results from Pareto Front GA optimization. We will come up with specific louver features which compatible with a specific climate. These design alternatives are assessed by energy performance, visual and thermal comfort in the mentioned climates. The research will be carried on by a mixed-method research approach. We will evaluate energy, visual, and thermal comfort based on the quantitative methods, and then try to categorize obtained cases by climate based on the quantitative method. To do that, Firstly, we define variable parameters of louver forms and their position on building façades. Secondly, we set three different climate zones based on the Koppen classification. We will analyze the energy performance, thermal and visual comfort of incorporating louvers in these climates. Thirdly, since several possible solutions will be gained, we employ a Pareto chart to reach optimized outcomes. Furthermore, Finally, based on the achieved design alternative, we will use qualitative research on categorizing results in each climate zone. The results show the significant change between louver parameters in Bandar Abbas and Tabriz in depth and angles. Since louver materials don’t affect energy consumption for heating and cooling, the optimization algorithm has been benefitted from material with high reflectance.