University of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602022320171122Arranging Courtyards in Urban Blocks to Reduce Energy Consumption (Case Study: Tehran Dwellings)Arranging Courtyards in Urban Blocks to Reduce Energy Consumption (Case Study: Tehran Dwellings)5146477010.22059/jfaup.2017.228540.671674FAZahraZamaniTehran UniversityShahinHeidariUniversity of TehranPiruozHanachiUniversity of Tehran0000-0002-3150-6501Journal Article20170409Now a day, climate change and environmental crisis as a global threats have negative effects on all living creatures. These phenomena have been happened because of consumption of non-renewable energy sources such as oil, gas, and coal since the last century. Due to recent obligations to preserve these sources and environment, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of these sources. The residential sector energy consumption accounts for 31% of the energy globally used. This fact, hence, makes it inevitable to further study the thermal performance of residential buildings. Therefore, adjusting the climate of the building surroundings would affect buildings thermal performance. Creating the apt micro-climate around buildings will contribute to the improvement of the building thermal performance. In Iran’s traditional buildings, the central courtyard has always been one of the most effective climate solutions to decrease the temperature in hot- arid regions. Along with an increase in shading by trees and building walls, the building would be protected from direct sunshine and thus, thermal conditions on hot days would balance. It is noteworthy that this shading should not block the sun in cold seasons. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to make alterations in locating the building on the land, so that to create three and four-sided courtyards in urban blocks. Therefore, we could benefit the micro-climate performance in order to decrease energy consumption in these buildings. There has been widespread research about this in different cities of Iran. Despite the necessity to cut down the energy consumption of the residential sector in a metropolis like Tehran, few of these studies have been conducted in this city. Consequently, the case studies of the current research, are residential blocks of apartments in Tehran. Due to different climates in Tehran, central and southern areas were chosen as thesis climate background, because these areas are classified as hot- arid regions. The research method consists of simulation, empirical methods, and logical reasoning. In the beginning, Tehran 7th urban zone was chosen with GIS assistance and calculations were done. Then, thermal performance of the proposed models and the effect of the courtyard on sun energy absorption, access to daylight and wind, were studied by using DesignBuilder software. The results were then compared to the reference model. The results show that four-sided courtyard in Tehran would significantly decrease building cooling load in summer which is about 18.35 kWh/m2. In winter, however, significant impact on the heat load is absent. Field measurements in Memar Bashi Seminary in Tehran, also showed that the temperature in the courtyard is considerably less than that of the outside area. This difference would reach 5 degrees centigrade at the hottest hours. The temperature inside the building is also 1 to 2 degrees centigrade less than that of the courtyard. On the other hand, the graphs obtained from simulations and field measurements also presented a similar pattern. Thus, the results of filed measurements confirmed simulations performed in DesignBuilder software.Now a day, climate change and environmental crisis as a global threats have negative effects on all living creatures. These phenomena have been happened because of consumption of non-renewable energy sources such as oil, gas, and coal since the last century. Due to recent obligations to preserve these sources and environment, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of these sources. The residential sector energy consumption accounts for 31% of the energy globally used. This fact, hence, makes it inevitable to further study the thermal performance of residential buildings. Therefore, adjusting the climate of the building surroundings would affect buildings thermal performance. Creating the apt micro-climate around buildings will contribute to the improvement of the building thermal performance. In Iran’s traditional buildings, the central courtyard has always been one of the most effective climate solutions to decrease the temperature in hot- arid regions. Along with an increase in shading by trees and building walls, the building would be protected from direct sunshine and thus, thermal conditions on hot days would balance. It is noteworthy that this shading should not block the sun in cold seasons. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to make alterations in locating the building on the land, so that to create three and four-sided courtyards in urban blocks. Therefore, we could benefit the micro-climate performance in order to decrease energy consumption in these buildings. There has been widespread research about this in different cities of Iran. Despite the necessity to cut down the energy consumption of the residential sector in a metropolis like Tehran, few of these studies have been conducted in this city. Consequently, the case studies of the current research, are residential blocks of apartments in Tehran. Due to different climates in Tehran, central and southern areas were chosen as thesis climate background, because these areas are classified as hot- arid regions. The research method consists of simulation, empirical methods, and logical reasoning. In the beginning, Tehran 7th urban zone was chosen with GIS assistance and calculations were done. Then, thermal performance of the proposed models and the effect of the courtyard on sun energy absorption, access to daylight and wind, were studied by using DesignBuilder software. The results were then compared to the reference model. The results show that four-sided courtyard in Tehran would significantly decrease building cooling load in summer which is about 18.35 kWh/m2. In winter, however, significant impact on the heat load is absent. Field measurements in Memar Bashi Seminary in Tehran, also showed that the temperature in the courtyard is considerably less than that of the outside area. This difference would reach 5 degrees centigrade at the hottest hours. The temperature inside the building is also 1 to 2 degrees centigrade less than that of the courtyard. On the other hand, the graphs obtained from simulations and field measurements also presented a similar pattern. Thus, the results of filed measurements confirmed simulations performed in DesignBuilder software.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_64770_0d4fda20c341c3211f9738dbe16b45ee.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602022320171122Revealing land-use transformation: Analysing specifications of unplanned growth in the metropolitan region of TehranRevealing land-use transformation: Analysing specifications of unplanned growth in the metropolitan region of Tehran15316477210.22059/jfaup.2017.229636.671663FAZohrehA. DaneshpourMasoudTarantashJournal Article20170311Problem under study: Metropolitan growth toward their peripheral environments and shaping the metropolitan regions occur in two major situations and various states amidst. One major form is unplanned and uncontrolled with unintended consequences. In the second situation, metropolitan growth is planned and directed towards pre-set goals, with an indication of the existence of a current and effective planning system. Ideal type of mentioned situations can be rarely found in more and less developed countries of the world, while most metropolitan areas experience their growth in situations that are in-between these two major situation. Absence of effective mechanism for survey, review, and monitoring of land-use transformation is one the characteristics of unplanned metropolitan growth. Lack of complete and integrated information system, and constraints on revealing and analysing spatial structure and land-use transformation, implies the absence or ineffectiveness of planning mechanism in the metropolitan region of Tehran, which is the geographical-administrative space under study in this article. <br /> Purpose: The purpose of this article is to make an attempt to revealing land-use transformation in the metropolitan regions and by reviewing and analysing relevant methods, to select an appropriate method for analysing the metropolitan region of Tehran. Reviewing and analysing the metropolitan region of Tehran in this article is restricted to planning and policy-making spheres. Based on the analysis for revealing land-use transformation in the metropolitan region of Tehran, some suggestions emerged to initiate suitable mechanism to survey, review, and monitor such transformations. A suggested mechanism could be used as a decision support system in the planning and management of metropolitan regions.<br /> Methodology: A descriptive-analytical approach, as an overall method that has been applied in this article, has conceived and adopted a three staged process of diagnosis and prognosis methods: First stage deals with the theoretical foundations and the technical aspects of the subject under study so that to find the appropriate guiding principles for the analysis bound for revealing land-use transformation in metropolitan regions. Second stage is concerned with formulating guiding principles that emerged in the first stage, and was with due consideration to the constraints related to access to the required information and the existence of accessible databases in order to find an appropriate method for the intended analysis of the metropolitan region of Tehran. Third stage is allocated to the application of the method that emerged in the second stage, in order to reveal land-use transformation along with analysing specifications of unplanned growth in the metropolitan region of Tehran.<br /> Achievement: Devising and applying an approach for analysing and revealing land-use transformation, due to the unplanned growth of Tehran towards its peripheral natural environment, is the main outcome and achievement of this article. Also, an emphasis has been put upon designing and establishing a planning and policy-making mechanism in the metropolitan regions, especially in the metropolitan region of Tehran, which would enable reducing, solving, or preventing the formation of problems related to the invasion of the natural environment by the metropolitan growth.Problem under study: Metropolitan growth toward their peripheral environments and shaping the metropolitan regions occur in two major situations and various states amidst. One major form is unplanned and uncontrolled with unintended consequences. In the second situation, metropolitan growth is planned and directed towards pre-set goals, with an indication of the existence of a current and effective planning system. Ideal type of mentioned situations can be rarely found in more and less developed countries of the world, while most metropolitan areas experience their growth in situations that are in-between these two major situation. Absence of effective mechanism for survey, review, and monitoring of land-use transformation is one the characteristics of unplanned metropolitan growth. Lack of complete and integrated information system, and constraints on revealing and analysing spatial structure and land-use transformation, implies the absence or ineffectiveness of planning mechanism in the metropolitan region of Tehran, which is the geographical-administrative space under study in this article. <br /> Purpose: The purpose of this article is to make an attempt to revealing land-use transformation in the metropolitan regions and by reviewing and analysing relevant methods, to select an appropriate method for analysing the metropolitan region of Tehran. Reviewing and analysing the metropolitan region of Tehran in this article is restricted to planning and policy-making spheres. Based on the analysis for revealing land-use transformation in the metropolitan region of Tehran, some suggestions emerged to initiate suitable mechanism to survey, review, and monitor such transformations. A suggested mechanism could be used as a decision support system in the planning and management of metropolitan regions.<br /> Methodology: A descriptive-analytical approach, as an overall method that has been applied in this article, has conceived and adopted a three staged process of diagnosis and prognosis methods: First stage deals with the theoretical foundations and the technical aspects of the subject under study so that to find the appropriate guiding principles for the analysis bound for revealing land-use transformation in metropolitan regions. Second stage is concerned with formulating guiding principles that emerged in the first stage, and was with due consideration to the constraints related to access to the required information and the existence of accessible databases in order to find an appropriate method for the intended analysis of the metropolitan region of Tehran. Third stage is allocated to the application of the method that emerged in the second stage, in order to reveal land-use transformation along with analysing specifications of unplanned growth in the metropolitan region of Tehran.<br /> Achievement: Devising and applying an approach for analysing and revealing land-use transformation, due to the unplanned growth of Tehran towards its peripheral natural environment, is the main outcome and achievement of this article. Also, an emphasis has been put upon designing and establishing a planning and policy-making mechanism in the metropolitan regions, especially in the metropolitan region of Tehran, which would enable reducing, solving, or preventing the formation of problems related to the invasion of the natural environment by the metropolitan growth.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_64772_64dc9fe4adb98a045287517b10353c0f.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602022320171122Identification regional competitiveness sectors in Fars provinceIdentification regional competitiveness sectors in Fars province33446477310.22059/jfaup.2018.229073.671655FAHamidrezaBahmanpour Khalesiفارغ التحصیلFarshadNoorianعضو هیئت علمی دانشکده شهرسازی0000-0003-2286-9738Journal Article20170305Abstract:<br /> Competitive economic sectors determination plays a substantial role in feature regional strategies creation. Moreover, most of traditional views change into dynamic approach stand on creativity and knowledge. Regional competitiveness is the region ability to attract and maintain achieved companies, while improving inhabitants’ standard of living. Mr. L. Martin introduces employment rate and GDRP as two outcomes for regional competitiveness. Unfortunately, Fars province does not have appropriate place among Iran regions base on employment rate and GDRP. In this research, we are reviewing competitiveness theories and methods in order to find the best complementary methods stand on available information. Also, we will distinguish the reasons of Fars province low rank among Iran’s regions. Our review shows that Input-output method, Average portion length index, Location quotients and Shift-share analysis can be the best complementary methods for measuring sector connectivity, length of product chain, spatial concentration and portions of regional economic growth. So we divided Fars economic into 14 sectors that include “Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Mining and quarrying”, “Manufacturing”, “Electricity, gas, steam and water supply”, “Construction” ,“Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles”, “Accommodation and food service activities”, “Transportation, storage and communications”, “Finance, Insurance and real Estate”, “Professional, scientific and technical activities”, “Administrative and support service activities”, “Education”, “Human health and social work activities”, “Other service activities”. Input-output method identifies three sectors by normalizing backward and forward linkages which includes” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Manufacturing” and “Transportation, storage and Communications”. Also, Average portion length numerical value equal to one and shows a very short product chain for all industries. Moreover, Location quotients calculate the share of Fars province from national level for measuring industries agglomeration in this region. The result of this model shows 3 economic sectors named,” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Administrative and support service activities” and “Human health and social work activities”. Finally, our last analysis is shift-share in conjunction with Location quotients. This model identifies emerging clusters in Fars province that include” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Construction”,” Finance, Insurance and Real Estate”, “Administrative and support service activities” and “Human health and social work activities”. In this regard, we can define three competitive economic sectors such as,” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing” for the first priority plus “Administrative and support service activities” and “Human health and social work activities” as the second priority, because they have not significant backward and forward linkages in I-O table. On the other hand, all of Fars province industries suffer from short product chain and this is the main cause of Fars rank between Iran regions. So, for shaping Fars future strategies we should concentrate on these sectors besides to enhance inhabitants’ standard of living. In this way, public sectors should invest on infrastructure and encourage private sectors to develop related variated industries in Fars province industrial park. Also, competitive regional economy is a dynamic concept, so we must monitor our competitors for making competitiveness future in Fars base on uncertainty may happened.Abstract:<br /> Competitive economic sectors determination plays a substantial role in feature regional strategies creation. Moreover, most of traditional views change into dynamic approach stand on creativity and knowledge. Regional competitiveness is the region ability to attract and maintain achieved companies, while improving inhabitants’ standard of living. Mr. L. Martin introduces employment rate and GDRP as two outcomes for regional competitiveness. Unfortunately, Fars province does not have appropriate place among Iran regions base on employment rate and GDRP. In this research, we are reviewing competitiveness theories and methods in order to find the best complementary methods stand on available information. Also, we will distinguish the reasons of Fars province low rank among Iran’s regions. Our review shows that Input-output method, Average portion length index, Location quotients and Shift-share analysis can be the best complementary methods for measuring sector connectivity, length of product chain, spatial concentration and portions of regional economic growth. So we divided Fars economic into 14 sectors that include “Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Mining and quarrying”, “Manufacturing”, “Electricity, gas, steam and water supply”, “Construction” ,“Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles”, “Accommodation and food service activities”, “Transportation, storage and communications”, “Finance, Insurance and real Estate”, “Professional, scientific and technical activities”, “Administrative and support service activities”, “Education”, “Human health and social work activities”, “Other service activities”. Input-output method identifies three sectors by normalizing backward and forward linkages which includes” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Manufacturing” and “Transportation, storage and Communications”. Also, Average portion length numerical value equal to one and shows a very short product chain for all industries. Moreover, Location quotients calculate the share of Fars province from national level for measuring industries agglomeration in this region. The result of this model shows 3 economic sectors named,” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Administrative and support service activities” and “Human health and social work activities”. Finally, our last analysis is shift-share in conjunction with Location quotients. This model identifies emerging clusters in Fars province that include” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing”, “Construction”,” Finance, Insurance and Real Estate”, “Administrative and support service activities” and “Human health and social work activities”. In this regard, we can define three competitive economic sectors such as,” Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing” for the first priority plus “Administrative and support service activities” and “Human health and social work activities” as the second priority, because they have not significant backward and forward linkages in I-O table. On the other hand, all of Fars province industries suffer from short product chain and this is the main cause of Fars rank between Iran regions. So, for shaping Fars future strategies we should concentrate on these sectors besides to enhance inhabitants’ standard of living. In this way, public sectors should invest on infrastructure and encourage private sectors to develop related variated industries in Fars province industrial park. Also, competitive regional economy is a dynamic concept, so we must monitor our competitors for making competitiveness future in Fars base on uncertainty may happened.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_64773_8f49d0dfaed33f9c6413494ad2b123df.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602022320171122analyzing the meaning of urban spaces via Bakhtin's novel theoryanalyzing the meaning of urban spaces via Bakhtin's novel theory45656477410.22059/jfaup.2017.233985.671718FASamarHaghighi Boroojenilecturer in department of architecture, Islamic azad university of Isfahan.Seyyed AbbasYazdanfarFaculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Iran University of Science and TechnologyMostafaBehzadfarfaculty of architecture and urban design, Iran university of science and technology, Tehran,Iran.Journal Article20170527Interpreting the meaning of urban spaces is a controversial subject in urban studies. There are different approaches from qualitative to quantitative to analyzing and understanding the meaning of a place. However, these attitudes are formed based on analyzing data derived from researchers or users. Hence, appearance of difficulties happens in interpreting historical place during special historical period. When there is no chance to have users or researchers experience. It seems that the best method in these cases is, considering urban spaces as a text and understanding their meaning via reading theories. <br /> The principle theoretical basis of this article is emphasizing on M.M.Bakhtin's reading theory. The paper explores urban spaces as a particular text, novel, and takes the conceptual framework of Bakhtin's novel theory into consideration for content analyzing of places. Bakhtin mentioned special characteristics for novel, and discussed that the problem of other reading theories is disregarding these differences. Polyphony, dialogism, chronotopy and complexity in genres are characteristics he mentioned about novel. Dialogism and the tensions, resolutions, and reformations of language and ideas under these conditions, is the central mechanisms of interpretation. Variety of genres means the novel as a whole is multiform in style and variform in speech and voice, means several heterogeneous stylistic unities, often located in different linguistic levels and subject to different stylistic controls. Polyphony is a feature of narrative, which includes a diversity of points of view and voices. It means novel does not appear to aim for a 'single vision' and goes beyond simply describing situations from various angles. The chronotope is how configurations of time and space are represented in language and discourse. A social language, then, is a concrete socio-linguistic belief system that defines a distinct identity for itself within the boundaries of a language that is unitary only in the abstract.<br /> As it will be discussed in detail, Bakhtin outlines new directions for the study of stylistics: The study of the novel must start from an acknowledgement of heteroglossia and be grounded in a view of language as social and historical, dialogic and dynamic, which give rise to yet new possibilities for representation and interpretation. It seems that the concept of, Bakhtin's novel theory which entered the scientific field, theoretically, can revised classic viewpoints of social science and humanities. There for, it can be used as a tool for analyzing subjects in various disciplines like science, philosophy, sociology and etc. Besides, planning and urban design can also use it as an analytical method. Grounded on this conceptual framework, this paper seeks to demonstrate that the dimensions of novel can be adapted to urban spaces. The achievement of this research is to develop a structural and substantial analysis method borrowing the concept of novel reading from linguistics, and to elaborate a tool for the meaning analysis in a historical urban research scope. This methodology is applied in a case study sample and novel characteristics are tested in 'Chahar Bagh', a historic street in the city of Isfahan, during Safavid era.Interpreting the meaning of urban spaces is a controversial subject in urban studies. There are different approaches from qualitative to quantitative to analyzing and understanding the meaning of a place. However, these attitudes are formed based on analyzing data derived from researchers or users. Hence, appearance of difficulties happens in interpreting historical place during special historical period. When there is no chance to have users or researchers experience. It seems that the best method in these cases is, considering urban spaces as a text and understanding their meaning via reading theories. <br /> The principle theoretical basis of this article is emphasizing on M.M.Bakhtin's reading theory. The paper explores urban spaces as a particular text, novel, and takes the conceptual framework of Bakhtin's novel theory into consideration for content analyzing of places. Bakhtin mentioned special characteristics for novel, and discussed that the problem of other reading theories is disregarding these differences. Polyphony, dialogism, chronotopy and complexity in genres are characteristics he mentioned about novel. Dialogism and the tensions, resolutions, and reformations of language and ideas under these conditions, is the central mechanisms of interpretation. Variety of genres means the novel as a whole is multiform in style and variform in speech and voice, means several heterogeneous stylistic unities, often located in different linguistic levels and subject to different stylistic controls. Polyphony is a feature of narrative, which includes a diversity of points of view and voices. It means novel does not appear to aim for a 'single vision' and goes beyond simply describing situations from various angles. The chronotope is how configurations of time and space are represented in language and discourse. A social language, then, is a concrete socio-linguistic belief system that defines a distinct identity for itself within the boundaries of a language that is unitary only in the abstract.<br /> As it will be discussed in detail, Bakhtin outlines new directions for the study of stylistics: The study of the novel must start from an acknowledgement of heteroglossia and be grounded in a view of language as social and historical, dialogic and dynamic, which give rise to yet new possibilities for representation and interpretation. It seems that the concept of, Bakhtin's novel theory which entered the scientific field, theoretically, can revised classic viewpoints of social science and humanities. There for, it can be used as a tool for analyzing subjects in various disciplines like science, philosophy, sociology and etc. Besides, planning and urban design can also use it as an analytical method. Grounded on this conceptual framework, this paper seeks to demonstrate that the dimensions of novel can be adapted to urban spaces. The achievement of this research is to develop a structural and substantial analysis method borrowing the concept of novel reading from linguistics, and to elaborate a tool for the meaning analysis in a historical urban research scope. This methodology is applied in a case study sample and novel characteristics are tested in 'Chahar Bagh', a historic street in the city of Isfahan, during Safavid era.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_64774_535cb567fac667b28e83150f2c1512d1.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602022320171122European Travelers’ Critical Thoughts on Iranian Architecture and Town Planning (from 16th to mid-19th Century AD)European Travelers’ Critical Thoughts on Iranian Architecture and Town Planning (from 16th to mid-19th Century AD)57706477510.22059/jfaup.2017.64775FASaeedHaghir0000-0001-8391-0234KamyarSalavatiUniversity of TehranJournal Article20170128This paper tends to study the critical statements of those European travelogue writers who have visited Iran from the 16th to the 19th century AD (9TH to 13th AH). This era includes Safavid, Afshari, Zand and Qajar dynasty eras in Iran. The emphasis of this study is the Safavid travel reports which are more important due to lack of Persian critical reports on Iranian culture in that era in comparison to Qajar era. 13 of 22 studied cases are Safavid travelogues, two belong to the pre-Safavid era, and seven of them were written during the Qajar dynasty period. Except one case (Pollack travelogue), the rest of the studied cases belong to pre-Nasser-al-din Shah era, which is usually considered as the age when Iranians closely met the European culture, technology, politics and art in their own society. This research is necessary from two aspects: first, it demonstrates the first handed historical judgements on Iranian architecture, while present-day judgements and inceptions about history of architecture in Iran are based on second handed resources, thus limited to the buildings and Persian traditional texts. Also the pre-Qajar Persian resources about architecture are created in their traditional context, which is not based on critical thought. Secondly, by studying these judgements, a more critical literature could be shaped in the Iranian architectural historiography, which is also more realistic, as in these resources, we can extract lots of everyday life details related to Iranian architecture and Iranian towns in historical context of Iran and gain a deeper knowledge of Iranian architecture and towns in their relation with the Iranian society and culture. Therefore, the main question of this research is "what are the main critical statements of European travelers on Iranian architecture and town planning?” The research method which is applied in this paper by the authors is a comprehensive historical method, depending only on texts. After reviewing the history of criticism in the Islamic cultural history, a brief history of European travelogues on Iran and their overall paradigms in each era is discussed. Then, twenty three travelogues are studied and their statements on Iranian architecture and towns have been extracted, compared and discussed based on the similarity of the statements. Afterwards, these statements are classified in four general categories, based on their repetitions in the studied cases. Also, the reasons which the writers have mentioned for these four general categories are also classified and explained. The paper concludes that the most repeated general critical reports on Iranian architecture and town planning are: "neglecting the maintenance and repairing of buildings in Iran, their temporary life and abundance of ruins in Iran", "disorderliness and dirtiness of passages in Iranian towns", and also "neglecting the overall scape and ugliness of the exterior building surfaces in Iran". Besides these most repeated categories, three less repeated critical statements of the European travelers on Iranian architecture and town planning are "guild and bureaucratic corruption of the architects", "simple home furnishing", and "squander and high expenses in the process of making a building".This paper tends to study the critical statements of those European travelogue writers who have visited Iran from the 16th to the 19th century AD (9TH to 13th AH). This era includes Safavid, Afshari, Zand and Qajar dynasty eras in Iran. The emphasis of this study is the Safavid travel reports which are more important due to lack of Persian critical reports on Iranian culture in that era in comparison to Qajar era. 13 of 22 studied cases are Safavid travelogues, two belong to the pre-Safavid era, and seven of them were written during the Qajar dynasty period. Except one case (Pollack travelogue), the rest of the studied cases belong to pre-Nasser-al-din Shah era, which is usually considered as the age when Iranians closely met the European culture, technology, politics and art in their own society. This research is necessary from two aspects: first, it demonstrates the first handed historical judgements on Iranian architecture, while present-day judgements and inceptions about history of architecture in Iran are based on second handed resources, thus limited to the buildings and Persian traditional texts. Also the pre-Qajar Persian resources about architecture are created in their traditional context, which is not based on critical thought. Secondly, by studying these judgements, a more critical literature could be shaped in the Iranian architectural historiography, which is also more realistic, as in these resources, we can extract lots of everyday life details related to Iranian architecture and Iranian towns in historical context of Iran and gain a deeper knowledge of Iranian architecture and towns in their relation with the Iranian society and culture. Therefore, the main question of this research is "what are the main critical statements of European travelers on Iranian architecture and town planning?” The research method which is applied in this paper by the authors is a comprehensive historical method, depending only on texts. After reviewing the history of criticism in the Islamic cultural history, a brief history of European travelogues on Iran and their overall paradigms in each era is discussed. Then, twenty three travelogues are studied and their statements on Iranian architecture and towns have been extracted, compared and discussed based on the similarity of the statements. Afterwards, these statements are classified in four general categories, based on their repetitions in the studied cases. Also, the reasons which the writers have mentioned for these four general categories are also classified and explained. The paper concludes that the most repeated general critical reports on Iranian architecture and town planning are: "neglecting the maintenance and repairing of buildings in Iran, their temporary life and abundance of ruins in Iran", "disorderliness and dirtiness of passages in Iranian towns", and also "neglecting the overall scape and ugliness of the exterior building surfaces in Iran". Besides these most repeated categories, three less repeated critical statements of the European travelers on Iranian architecture and town planning are "guild and bureaucratic corruption of the architects", "simple home furnishing", and "squander and high expenses in the process of making a building".https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_64775_a849090ca6fe5ef7755e3ff736317142.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602022320171122Documentation of Ferdows reconstruction after the 1968 earthquakeDocumentation of Ferdows reconstruction after the 1968 earthquake71826477710.22059/jfaup.2017.238448.671766FAGhazalehShadifarershad-e-damavanAlirezaFallahishahid beheshti universityJournal Article20170724Iran is a vulnerable country to natural disasters which has experienced different disasters during the time. Lack of reliable information and documentation of post-reconstruction experiences is mentioned as one of the main weaknesses of the reconstruction programs in Iran. For instance, after the Ferdows destroying earthquake in 1968, any documentation has not yet been presented in reconstruction. It is obvious that the documentation of previous reconstructions programs and surveying them can be useful and prevent similar mistakes. But, it should be declared that most of this information or evidences which can be used for the similar future programs are not gathered and also not available.<br /> In late August and early September 1968, an earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale struck Ferdows town. Subsequently, survivors were divided into two groups in order to reconstruct the city. One group led by one of the religious leaders started reconstructing in the area-currently named Islamiyeh town a few kilometers above Ferdows. The government reconstructed the east of the old town for the other group who stayed in Ferdow. However, some of them didn’t utilize the governmental buildings and started to construct their own houses in Ferdows. Presently, according to the author’s research, life exists among both Islamiyeh and Ferdows towns after 48 years of construction. In the current research, it has been tried to accomplish the procedure of the reconstruction, carried out by both the government and native people based on the recognition of the reconstruction process and the final outcome in macro level (i.e. City) and micro level (i.e. Housing).<br /> <br /> The research is an analytical documentation of the qualitative methodology that qualitative analysis completes it. The main methods of data collection in this thesis are observation and its documentation, depth interviews with at least 65 years old people and documentation review. These sets of data are collected from written and non-written sources, like newspapers, journals, books, articles, and interviews. After this step, the data are categorized and analyzed with methods that applied in qualitative methodology.<br /> Ultimately, according to the research, it could be concluded that both of governmental and native reconstruction after 48 years is sustainable. It means people and authorities knew how to accomplish reconstruction. But in governmental reconstruction, the major consideration pertains to promoting the quality of buildings and retrofitting. On the other hand, the native reconstruction paid special attention to indigenous cultures and customs. I.e. in governmental quarters of Ferdows, it has been given excessive consideration to improve the strength of structures and performance of the town and building. Consequently, lead to neglect indigenous cultures, customs and the needs of the survivors in designing the town and structures.<br /> In the native built regions in Ferdows and Islamiyeh, It has been paid special heed to the house and urban development in accordance with cultural, social and economic needs of the people. Therefore the lack of knowledge in anticipating the development of the town in the future, urban facilities, and reinforcement of buildings resulted in neglecting urbanization and architectural aspects in reconstruction.Iran is a vulnerable country to natural disasters which has experienced different disasters during the time. Lack of reliable information and documentation of post-reconstruction experiences is mentioned as one of the main weaknesses of the reconstruction programs in Iran. For instance, after the Ferdows destroying earthquake in 1968, any documentation has not yet been presented in reconstruction. It is obvious that the documentation of previous reconstructions programs and surveying them can be useful and prevent similar mistakes. But, it should be declared that most of this information or evidences which can be used for the similar future programs are not gathered and also not available.<br /> In late August and early September 1968, an earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale struck Ferdows town. Subsequently, survivors were divided into two groups in order to reconstruct the city. One group led by one of the religious leaders started reconstructing in the area-currently named Islamiyeh town a few kilometers above Ferdows. The government reconstructed the east of the old town for the other group who stayed in Ferdow. However, some of them didn’t utilize the governmental buildings and started to construct their own houses in Ferdows. Presently, according to the author’s research, life exists among both Islamiyeh and Ferdows towns after 48 years of construction. In the current research, it has been tried to accomplish the procedure of the reconstruction, carried out by both the government and native people based on the recognition of the reconstruction process and the final outcome in macro level (i.e. City) and micro level (i.e. Housing).<br /> <br /> The research is an analytical documentation of the qualitative methodology that qualitative analysis completes it. The main methods of data collection in this thesis are observation and its documentation, depth interviews with at least 65 years old people and documentation review. These sets of data are collected from written and non-written sources, like newspapers, journals, books, articles, and interviews. After this step, the data are categorized and analyzed with methods that applied in qualitative methodology.<br /> Ultimately, according to the research, it could be concluded that both of governmental and native reconstruction after 48 years is sustainable. It means people and authorities knew how to accomplish reconstruction. But in governmental reconstruction, the major consideration pertains to promoting the quality of buildings and retrofitting. On the other hand, the native reconstruction paid special attention to indigenous cultures and customs. I.e. in governmental quarters of Ferdows, it has been given excessive consideration to improve the strength of structures and performance of the town and building. Consequently, lead to neglect indigenous cultures, customs and the needs of the survivors in designing the town and structures.<br /> In the native built regions in Ferdows and Islamiyeh, It has been paid special heed to the house and urban development in accordance with cultural, social and economic needs of the people. Therefore the lack of knowledge in anticipating the development of the town in the future, urban facilities, and reinforcement of buildings resulted in neglecting urbanization and architectural aspects in reconstruction.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_64777_856796a2f719b51524edbb4ab80115fa.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602022320171122Manifestation of Legibility of the Northern Iranian Cities in the Works of Akbar Radi: A Case Study of the Plays The Blue Opening, Death in the Autumn, and StaircaseManifestation of Legibility of the Northern Iranian Cities in the Works of Akbar Radi: A Case Study of the Plays The Blue Opening, Death in the Autumn, and Staircase83906477810.22059/jfaup.2017.64778FABehroozMahmoodi-BakhtiariAssociate Professor, Department of Performing Arts, University of TehranRoyaRabbaniMA Graduate of Dramatic Literature, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20150606This article aims to consider the importance of the issue of “legibility” in the atmosphere of the northern Iranian cities, in the hopes to come up with a reflection of the atmosphere and general mood of these cities in the cultural, psychological and interpersonal relationships among the natives of these cities. In order to achieve this objective, the theoretical frameworks provided by Kevin Lynch (especially his two major books Theory Of Urban Form and Theory of Good City) has been chosen, and his ideas are applied on three plays by the eminent Iranian playwright, Akbar Radi, who has always been well known for reflecting the atmosphere of his motherland, Gilan, in many of his dramatic works. These plays are Rowzane-e Âbi (“The Blue Opening”), Marg dar Pâyiz (“Death in the Autumn”), and Pellekân (“The Staircase”). According to the ideas of Lynch, the lack of urban legibility leads to chaos, insecurity, anxiety, anarchy, and misconduct in the interpersonal deeds among the citizens, and loosens their sense of belonging to their city. This article proves that the ideas proposed by Lynch are at work in terms of the portrait provided by Radi in these plays. The unlimited a fast-growing emergence of modernity in the small northern towns of Iran, without having gained the basic infra structures necessary for that, along with the mass construction of residential complexes instead of he old, private huts, and the presence of modern transportation vehicles like cars, motorcycles and bikes, has left a very controversial picture of the cities in the eyes of their inhabitants. For the younger people, the cities look boring, unpleasant and extremely regular, and the seniors feel their cities to be distorted and no longer familiar to them, a feeling which paves the way for their gradual physical and mental crises. Living in such an atmosphere gradually leads to the feeling of mental imbalance among people, and encourages the young people to migrate to other cities, and the old people to retire sooner and stay at home, waiting for the time of their death. Issues such as color, smell, light, dressings, different places (such as the normal hangouts or the religious places), all provide a sense of the city. The impact of such an atmosphere may count for the clashes that different characters of the play have with each other. The clashes between the children and their parents, as well as the other members of the family, may sometimes be justified in terms of the feelings they get from the city in which they live. Some younger people simply leave their residence and add to the turmoil of their parents (as we see in the play Rowzane-ye Âbi, in which the son of the family flees the “lightless, boring city of Rasht”); or make the worst use of this chaos to get rich (such as the character of Bolbol in the play Pellekân). All these features have been checked within the dialogues of the plays, and instances from each of them are provided.This article aims to consider the importance of the issue of “legibility” in the atmosphere of the northern Iranian cities, in the hopes to come up with a reflection of the atmosphere and general mood of these cities in the cultural, psychological and interpersonal relationships among the natives of these cities. In order to achieve this objective, the theoretical frameworks provided by Kevin Lynch (especially his two major books Theory Of Urban Form and Theory of Good City) has been chosen, and his ideas are applied on three plays by the eminent Iranian playwright, Akbar Radi, who has always been well known for reflecting the atmosphere of his motherland, Gilan, in many of his dramatic works. These plays are Rowzane-e Âbi (“The Blue Opening”), Marg dar Pâyiz (“Death in the Autumn”), and Pellekân (“The Staircase”). According to the ideas of Lynch, the lack of urban legibility leads to chaos, insecurity, anxiety, anarchy, and misconduct in the interpersonal deeds among the citizens, and loosens their sense of belonging to their city. This article proves that the ideas proposed by Lynch are at work in terms of the portrait provided by Radi in these plays. The unlimited a fast-growing emergence of modernity in the small northern towns of Iran, without having gained the basic infra structures necessary for that, along with the mass construction of residential complexes instead of he old, private huts, and the presence of modern transportation vehicles like cars, motorcycles and bikes, has left a very controversial picture of the cities in the eyes of their inhabitants. For the younger people, the cities look boring, unpleasant and extremely regular, and the seniors feel their cities to be distorted and no longer familiar to them, a feeling which paves the way for their gradual physical and mental crises. Living in such an atmosphere gradually leads to the feeling of mental imbalance among people, and encourages the young people to migrate to other cities, and the old people to retire sooner and stay at home, waiting for the time of their death. Issues such as color, smell, light, dressings, different places (such as the normal hangouts or the religious places), all provide a sense of the city. The impact of such an atmosphere may count for the clashes that different characters of the play have with each other. The clashes between the children and their parents, as well as the other members of the family, may sometimes be justified in terms of the feelings they get from the city in which they live. Some younger people simply leave their residence and add to the turmoil of their parents (as we see in the play Rowzane-ye Âbi, in which the son of the family flees the “lightless, boring city of Rasht”); or make the worst use of this chaos to get rich (such as the character of Bolbol in the play Pellekân). All these features have been checked within the dialogues of the plays, and instances from each of them are provided.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_64778_390d6f54e75aecdac80bc0a7a4cb0f60.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602022320171122The role of the courtyard in the configuration of the mosque in orrer to improve functional efficiency by using space syntexThe role of the courtyard in the configuration of the mosque in orrer to improve functional efficiency by using space syntex911046477910.22059/jfaup.2017.64779FAJournal Article20150823The role of yard in the Iran architecture Undeniable and sometimes are architectural design requirements, due to geographical and climatic conditions. Yard, what on public land (mosque school, caravanserai, etc…) and non-public (such as houses) is often not removed from the body design. In modern mosques, according to the density of buildings and land issues in many cases, the courtyard of the mosque has been removed or the configuration of the body, where it is considered to be variable. While its role in changing the functional efficiency overlooked. The aim of this study is that there are different roles create or increase it is the guarantor yard and based on the creation or improvement of functional efficiency based. Proof of this process the role of the mosque yard using two methods of drawing graphs and its data for as space syntax mathematical well as software is Depth map. to prove the functional efficiency definition of space efficiency provided and then based on this definition, operational efficiency and introduced six indicators will be described indicators link and integration by mathematical justification and proof as space syntax, the selection criteria will be shown with passenger as well as indicators of depth, axial space and convex space with the use of Depth map software and to be analysis outcomes that prove and to prove the yard in changes in the functional efficiency of the courtyard of the mosque will be discussed. the results show the central courtyard design with rectangular geometry is the highest level of functional efficiency compared to other models. according to this research questions in the following cases studied: whether or not there is a courtyard in the configuration mosques is necessary? Proper positioning of the yard in order to improve efficiency and performance like ? What is the most suitable geometry for the yard? .1-The hypothesis of the study is available as follows: The layout of the yard in the spatial structure of the mosque have been set in the geometric center and as well as the appropriate geometrical.2- To enhance the functional efficiency of the mosque, the location of the yard should be considered that is most relevant to indoor space.3- Yard geometry must be such that the axial space proper in there and convex space is minimized. In order to prove this hypothesis (1), first hypothesis (2) and (3) studied considering and the results of these two hypotheses (1) can be achieved. hypothesis (1) will pay the importance of the yard or the lack of it In promoting functional efficiency of mosques hypothesis (2) will pay to the proper location on the courtyard the spatial structure in order to enhance functional efficiency mosques the spatial structure in order to enhance functional efficiency mosques In order to investigate the role of location in improving efficiency should yield yard index "integration", "link", "choice" and "depth" are used. also check on the functional efficiency of the geometry of the mosque courtyard, Index "convex space" and "central space" is used.The role of yard in the Iran architecture Undeniable and sometimes are architectural design requirements, due to geographical and climatic conditions. Yard, what on public land (mosque school, caravanserai, etc…) and non-public (such as houses) is often not removed from the body design. In modern mosques, according to the density of buildings and land issues in many cases, the courtyard of the mosque has been removed or the configuration of the body, where it is considered to be variable. While its role in changing the functional efficiency overlooked. The aim of this study is that there are different roles create or increase it is the guarantor yard and based on the creation or improvement of functional efficiency based. Proof of this process the role of the mosque yard using two methods of drawing graphs and its data for as space syntax mathematical well as software is Depth map. to prove the functional efficiency definition of space efficiency provided and then based on this definition, operational efficiency and introduced six indicators will be described indicators link and integration by mathematical justification and proof as space syntax, the selection criteria will be shown with passenger as well as indicators of depth, axial space and convex space with the use of Depth map software and to be analysis outcomes that prove and to prove the yard in changes in the functional efficiency of the courtyard of the mosque will be discussed. the results show the central courtyard design with rectangular geometry is the highest level of functional efficiency compared to other models. according to this research questions in the following cases studied: whether or not there is a courtyard in the configuration mosques is necessary? Proper positioning of the yard in order to improve efficiency and performance like ? What is the most suitable geometry for the yard? .1-The hypothesis of the study is available as follows: The layout of the yard in the spatial structure of the mosque have been set in the geometric center and as well as the appropriate geometrical.2- To enhance the functional efficiency of the mosque, the location of the yard should be considered that is most relevant to indoor space.3- Yard geometry must be such that the axial space proper in there and convex space is minimized. In order to prove this hypothesis (1), first hypothesis (2) and (3) studied considering and the results of these two hypotheses (1) can be achieved. hypothesis (1) will pay the importance of the yard or the lack of it In promoting functional efficiency of mosques hypothesis (2) will pay to the proper location on the courtyard the spatial structure in order to enhance functional efficiency mosques the spatial structure in order to enhance functional efficiency mosques In order to investigate the role of location in improving efficiency should yield yard index "integration", "link", "choice" and "depth" are used. also check on the functional efficiency of the geometry of the mosque courtyard, Index "convex space" and "central space" is used.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_64779_6e2f9a2297e1de13cd5a235cfbaa2e26.pdf