دانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602022120170522The Obstacles against the Success of Suggested Functions in Urban Development Projects in Iranشناسایی علل عدم تحقق کاربری های پیشنهادی در طرح های توسعه شهری ایران با استفاده از نظریه زمینهای5146226110.22059/jfaup.2017.62261FAگلدیسوحیدی برجیدکترای شهرسازی دانشگاه تهرانفرشادنوریانهیئت علمی گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه تهران0000-0003-2286-9738محمد مهدیعزیزیهیئت علمی گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20150810Land use planning in Iran has been based on traditional detailed, comprehensive plans over the last half a century. A variety of studies and evaluations on these plans have indicated a general failure and called for reforms in terms of their content and methods. Present paper aims to find and investigate the causes of the failure to implement proposed urban land use plans with the hope that the results may be usefully direct relevant reforms.<br /> The causes of the failure have indicated in previous studies but these are closely dependent on the professional experience of the researchers and none of them were methodologically systematic. Thus, this gap is addressed in the present paper. Unlike the previous body of research, the quantitative methodology adopted here is known as ‘grounded theory’. Required data was derived from depth interviews. Snowball sampling was employed, including 14 highly informed members from among city officials, planning counselors, professors.<br /> Thus taking the problem as a phenomenon and using grounded theory can be useful in exploration of different causes and conditions. Grounded theory emphasizes direct engagement with real life situations in order to discover what is really going on and believes in the complexity of phenomena and human activities and those humans adopt activism in face of challenges. This theory is sensitive to dynamic, unfolding nature of events and seeks to know the corresponding relations between conditions (structure), action (process) and consequences. For this dilemma as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon, employing grounded theory is more rewarding than other research methods. According to this theory, the main causes of failures in land use plans are recognized along with their relative importance. <br /> Results revealed that some 11 different factors have been related to fail attempts directly, conveniently called causal conditions. The most important were the lack of realism and logical thinking in making plans and proposals (26.56%), unsystematic erroneous decisions and actions (14.06%), negative financial balances in municipalities and illegal profits earned from side stepping the proposed plans (14.06). Any reform in status quo must take into account these obstacles.<br /> In order to clarify these themes divided into two parts. The first contains the problems related to urban plans procedure and content and the second related to problems of urbanization system and structure in Iran. The results indicate that totally 192 codes generate from interviews. Of this number, 69 codes (35.93%) related to plans and 123 codes (64.06%) related to system. Then, reformation and making changes in method and content of planning only couldn’t be enough.<br /> In addition to above conditions, contextual conditions and sustain conditions are also revealed to be effective in this issue. Contextual conditions include major factors that lie outside the reach of urban administrative system. Therefore, urban administrative system may adopt two strategies: repair strategy or conformity strategy. The factors that help the existing situation remain unchanged are called sustain conditions and must be addressed seriously, otherwise, the present problems may continue and make us cope with consequences of inaction.ارزیابی برنامه ریزی کاربری زمین درپژوهش های مختلف نشان از عدم موفقیت آنها داشته است و ضرورت بازنگری در محتوا و روش برنامهریزی را آشکار میسازد. در این مقاله شناسایی علل عدم تحقق کاربری زمین در طرحهای پیشنهادی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته تاست. در اینجا روش کیفی از نوع نظریه زمینهای به کار گرفته شده تا برخلاف مطالعات گذشته از اظهار نظرات سلیقهای اجتناب شود. اطلاعات مورد نیاز در این روش به صورت مصاحبه عمیق گردآوری شده است. نمونهگیری به روش هدفمند از نوع گلولهبرفی و به تعداد 14 نفر از مطلعترین افراد در گروههای متنوعی از مدیران شهری، مشاوران تهیهکننده طرح و اساتید دانشگاه انجام شده است.<br /> نتایج تحلیل نشان از 11 علت مختلف مؤثر در عدم تحقق کاربری زمین دارد که بیش از 50 درصد مشکلات مربوط به سه علت مهم تصمیم گیریها و عملکرد غیرنظاممند و نادرست مدیران شهری، تراز مالی منفی شهرداری و کسب درآمد از طریق تخلف نسبت به پیشنهادات طرح و عدم واقعبینی در برنامه ریزی و ارائه پیشنهادات غیرمنطقی می-باشد. در ادامه با استفاده از تئوری زمینهای شرایط زمینه ای موثر، شرایط تداوم این روند حاضر و پیامدهای ناشی از ادامه روند موجود شناسایی شده است.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_62261_8d23c54ee63f60db224795607b2d0ce6.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602022120170522Policy-making in Tehran: exploring the dichotomy of integration- disintegrationسیاستگذاری در بزرگشهر تهران: روشهای واکاوی دوگانۀ یکپارچگی- غیریکپارچگی15286226210.22059/jfaup.2017.62262FAوحیدهابراهیم نیادانشگاه شهید بهشتیزهرهعبدی دانشپوردانشگاه شهید بهشتیJournal Article20170104Metropoles as complex systems are faced with multiple areas of policy-making which are interrelated, interactive, and with mutual impacts which go beyond the traditional borders of sectoral policy-making -- usually in a top-down manner by the public sector-- and policies in one policy area would have dramatic effect in the other policy areas. This is despite the fact that, worldwide, encountering areas of policy-making within sectoral decision-making sub-systems or within the geographically secluded and disconnected administrative units has made policy-makers to encounter challenges which indicate lack of inter-organisational coordination. Indeed, the disintegrated, uncoordinated, contradictory and even competitive nature of urban policies lead to inefficiency in policy-making when handling urban problems, specifically the problems which with their varied and multiple aspects and facets, the separate and distinctive decision-makers are incapable of encountering. This situation finally ends up in the occurrence of new, recursive and unsolvable urban problems.<br /> There is a multiplicity of local decision-makers and policy-makers at different trans-urban, urban and infra-urban levels as well as the national decision-makers and policy-makers whose decisions and policies affect Tehran, the capital of Iran. In addition stakeholders with various interests, aims, and intensions are following their own wills; specially ones in private sector (and sometimes in public sector) are trying to maximize their economic interests by speculation of land and built spaces in Tehran. Such decisions which their impacts on the public benefit of the citizens of this city are not even measured in the process of urban planning, policy-making and management are worsening the metropolitan problems of Tehran.<br /> The main question of this paper is “which elements, phenomena and events are forming the status of policy-making in Tehran metropolitan planning and how each of these would influence the dichotomy of integration – disintegration in this metropole. Responding this question the purpose of this paper is to exploring the dichotomy of integration- disintegration of policy-making in Tehran metropolitan planning.<br /> This paper has chosen the “qualitative research approach” and “case study research strategy” to best match the research question and purpose. Based on the research question and in the context of qualitative case study research, a tow phase process has been designed and used; in the first phase, “systematic review” of world-wide resources related to integrated policy-making in the metropolitan planning has been done. In the second phase, “semi-structures interviews” have been applied to collect the necessary information, and " thematic analysis”, has been applied to analyse the collected information and data.<br /> The achievement of this paper describe and explore the events, relations, and interactions which explain the status of policy-making in Tehran metropolitan planning in aspect of integration, which are: not existing the collective commitment to necessity of preparing required conditions to setting up an integrated metropolitan policy making, ignoring the potential contrasts among stakeholders in Tehran decision environment by the formal policy-makers, mixing the concept of integrated policy-making with the concept of single management, and also lack of a continuous process of planning, policy-making and management in this metropole.بزرگشهر (کلانشهر) تهران در معرض تصمیمها و سیاستهای چندگانهای قراردارد: سیاستهایی از سوی عوامل بخش دولتی که هریک در یک حوزۀ سیاستگذاری منفرد دارای قدرت هستند، تصمیمهای افراد و گروهها در بخش خصوصی (و گاه در بخش عمومی) که بهدنبال بیشینهکردن منافع اقتصادی خود هستند، و تصمیمها و سیاستهای عوامل سیاستگذاری مدیریت شهری در این بزرگشهر. پیگیری چنین منافع چندگانه و گاه متضادی نشان از امکان بالقوۀ بروز ناهماهنگی میان آنها دارد. پرسش دوگانه این مقاله این است که چه عناصر، وضعیتها و پدیدههایی و هریک چگونه در شکلگیری وضعیت سیاستگذاری در بزرگشهر تهران از دیدگاه دوگانۀ یکپارچگی-غیریکپارچگی سیاستها اثرگذارند. در فرایند کار مقاله، در مرحلۀ نخست دانش موجود سیاستگذاری یکپارچه در برنامهریزی بزرگشهرها در جهان با بهکارگیری روش «بازبینی سیستماتیک منابع»، استخراج شدهاست. در مرحلۀ دوم دادههای موردنیاز تحلیل با روش «مصاحبه» با متخصصان در بزرگشهر تهران گردآوری، و با روش «تحلیل موضوعی» تحلیل شده است. دستاورد مقاله نشانمیدهد که در بزرگ شهر تهران شکلنگرفتن توافق جمعی در میان عوامل سیاستگذاری دربارۀ بایستگی استقرار اصول سیاستگذاری یکپارچه، نادیدهگرفتن یا کمتوجهی به تقابل عناصر رسمی و غیررسمی سیاستگذاری، آمیزگری انگاشت سیاستگذاری یکپارچه با سیاستگذاری واحد، و نیز قرارنگرفتن تصمیمگیری در یک فرایند پیوستۀ برنامهریزی، مهمترین عوامل ایجادکنندۀ غیریکپارچگی سیاستگذاری هستند.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_62262_5fd2362d2617ec5fb657335786c0d93e.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602022120170522New approach to vernacular architecture considering its structural relationship with sustainable architectureرویکردی نو به معماری بومی در رابطه ی ساختاری آن با معماری پایدار29406226310.22059/jfaup.2017.62263FAغلامرضااکرمیهیات علمی / دانشگاه تهرانسجاددامیارعضو هیآت علمی گروه معماری دانشگاه پیام نور ایلامJournal Article20151223The relationship between sustainable architecture and vernacular architecture generally it seems self-evident. But the lack of a structured theoretical framework for it, challenges the usability of vernacular architecture for creating sustainability in contemporary architecture. It is therefore architects less inclined to use the principles of vernacular architecture suggest in their work. To achieve a theoretical framework, need to study the structural relationship between sustainable architecture and vernacular architecture. So, in order to investigating the relationship between these two architectures, it seems necessary to understand the nature of each of them separately. In this paper, we first briefly explain the concept of sustainable development. Then, the determinants of sustainable architecture in four fields (constitution, pattern, nature and people) have been identified. The fields that formed structure of architecture lordship have been searched in theories of learning theory. In doing so, the role of these factors in different theoretical points of views has been studied to explain the vernacular architecture and its theoretical structure framework came out of studied definitions, formed basics of quintuple model of theoretical approaches towards vernacular architecture: 1. Approaches based on public participation; 2. Approaches based on natural construction; 3. Approaches based on natural pattern; 4. Approaches based on absolute naturalistic view; 5. Approaches based on holistic view. In these categories, the distinctions of definitions of vernacular architecture are established through relationships of the four generators of vernacular architecture and each of them, shows that vernacular architecture has certain advantages for realization of sustainable architecture: in the approaches based on public participation, vernacular architecture, is seen viable for sustainable architecture in terms of providing appropriate technology for building community and build collaborative patterns. In the approaches based on natural construction, vernacular architecture, through its natural materials and passive methods of regulating environmental conditions, offers some models to sustainable architecture. In the natural pattern approaches, vernacular architecture, by offering proportional forms with ecology and low-density development, dampen harm to ecosystem, therefore it is an ideal model for sustainable architecture. In the absolute naturalistic approaches, vernacular architecture is seen as a result of evolutional process of ecosystem and part of nature (place of human life as natural species). So it can be used as a comprehend model in the sustainable architecture. In the holism approaches, vernacular architecture is considered as a completely natural phenomenon, a result of natural environmental capabilities and factors that is based on human partnership. It is a natural immediate byproduct and compatible with all aspects of nature. For these reasons, vernacular architecture is ideal model for sustainable architecture. Finally, an improvement project of villages in Iran (Khoor) has been described, that has been holistic in its approach. Investigation of the project shows that for fulfillment of sustainable architectural goals, 'holistic approach' should be considered in all components of architecture. In this context, local patterns of construction and vernacular participatory methods provide the best examples for contemporary application. So holistic approaches can introduce more potentials for producing of sustainable architecture in contemporary era.در این مقاله سعی شده ابتدا عوامل تعیینکنندهی معماری پایدار در چهار حوزه (مردم، طبیعت، ساخت و الگو) مشخص شود. سپس جایگاه این عوامل در رویکردهای نظری مختلف به معماری بومی تبیین و ساختار آن بررسی شود. برای تبیین موضوع، ابتدا ساختار مولّد معماری که اساس تعاریف و رویکردها را شکل میدهد، بهطور کلّی از زبان نظریهپردازان معماری، ارائه شده و در ادامه مولدهای معماری بومی که از بطن تعاریف بیرون میآید، مشخص شده است تا پایهی مدلهای پنجگانهای از رویکردهای معماری بومی را تشکیل دهد که عبارتند از: 1-رویکرد مبتنی بر مشارکت مردم 2-رویکرد مبتنی بر ساختگرایی طبیعی 3-رویکرد مبتنی بر الگوگرایی طبیعی 4-رویکرد مبتنی بر مطلقگرایی طبیعی 5-رویکرد مبتنی بر کلنگری. در این دستهبندیها، رابطه و نسبتی که مولّدهای معماری بومی در هر تعریف با هم برقرار میکنند، تمایز تعاریف را از یکدیگر مشخص میکند. برای هر دسته از تعاریف، مصادیقی از معماریهای بهوجود آمده بر اساس آن رویکردها، مطرح شده و جایگاه نظری آن معماری(بومی) در توسعهی پایدار معماری امروز بهصورت ساختار یافته، ارائه و نتیجهگیری شده است. در پایان نمونهای از طرحهای اجرا شده (پروژه بهسازی روستای خور) که رویکردی کلنگر را در بهسازی محیط بومی دنبال کرده، بهعنوان معماری پایدار معرفی شده است.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_62263_b42b7e6b66337e22f3495c892e8c3dea.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602022120170522Spatial configuration, perceived density and social interaction in residential environments: A Causal model
A case study of gated communities in Mashhadپیکرهبندی فضایی، ادراک تراکم و تعاملات اجتماعی در محیطهای مسکونی: ارائۀ یک مدل علّی (نمونه موردی: مجتمعهای مسکونی شهر مشهد)41526226410.22059/jfaup.2017.62264FAرامینمدنیدانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشکاه هنر اصفهانشهرامپوردیهیمیدانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهرانسیده فاطمهموسوی نیادانشجوی دکترای معماری دانشگاه هنر اصفهانبهرامصالح صدق پورگروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید رجایی0000-0001-7854-7995Journal Article20161122Recently in many countries, there is wide acceptance of urban containment and concept of compact city to achieve sustainability. In fact density in residential environments, is used for design guidance to the aim of achieving to compactness. In terms of overall concept, density indicates on compactness of dwelling units and on the level of population. Therefore life condition of residents is in close contact with density. The experience and perception of density by people could be different at different densities and is not adequately expressed by either of density measures. The notion of perceived density is based on the fact that any environment offers cues that enable people to judge an environment’s nature, the potential for action that an environment offers, and the behavior appropriate for that environment. This paper considers the concept of density as one of the factors influencing the quality of human-environment interaction.<br /> Social interaction and community spirit are considered essential for the sustainability of the community and social cohesion. There are contradictory claims about the relationship between high density and social interaction. Some research seems to suggest that high density promotes social interaction, other research indicates that overcrowding may have negative implications for social interaction. Some argue that higher density areas are considered more favorable to community life and social interaction within cities of developing countries than in cities of developed countries. Therefore the relationship of social interaction and density is not understood yet in the context of cities of developing countries.<br /> This paper reports findings from recent research examining the relationship between urban design and layout and aspects of social and communal life in gated communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spatial configuration on social interaction through the mediating role of perceived density. To address this, three neighborhoods of same net residential and population density with same socioeconomic status of residents and different layouts and spatial configurations were selected for detailed investigation. Data on social interactions, social activities and perceptions of the built and social environment of the neighborhoods were collected through questionnaire surveys. For this reason 300 residents who were chosen randomly completed 4 point likert scale questionnaire. Housing layout and spatial configurations were analyzed using 3D visibility analysis methods and spatial openness index (SOI index).<br /> Data analysis was done by applying SPSS-19 and Amos-23 software. The questionnaire which has been specifically prepared to draw people’s perception of density and social interactions had reliability. The alpha coefficient was satisfactory and confirmatory factor analysis is applied for assessment of construct validity of latent constructs. The results of path analysis showed that the effects of perceived density on social interaction, is significant (P<0.001) and there is negative structural relationship between perception of density and social interaction. This indicates that some of the negative social impacts found within high-density housing development might be rectified with better design. The data from path analysis indicated that, factor of perceived density mediating the spatial configuration and social interaction. The results confirmed our conceptual model.هرچند تراکم به عنوان معیاری کمّی، راهی برای کنترل و قانونمندی توسعههای مسکونی است و بر میزان فشردگی واحدهای مسکونی و جمعیت ساکن در آنها دلالت میکند، امّا در عمل، شرایط زندگی ساکنین، از جمله شرایط زندگی اجتماعی، امنیت در فضاهای مشترک و همچنین شیوۀ ادراک محیط را تحت تأثیر قرار میدهد. در مطالعات پیشین، اجماع کلی درخصوص رابطۀ میان تراکم و تعاملات اجتماعی در محیطهای مسکونی وجود ندارد. در یک تراکم ثابت، شیوۀ طراحی و ترکیب واحدهای مسکونی میتواند ارزیابیهای متفاوتی را از تراکم موجب شود. هدف این پژوهش بررسی رابطة میان انتظام و پیکرهبندی فضایی، ادراک تراکم و تعاملات اجتماعی در قالب مدلی علّی است. جامعۀ آماری این تحقیق، ساکنین سه مجتمع با تراکم جمعیتی، تراکم خالص مسکونی و پایگاه اجتماعی-اقتصادی ساکنین مشابه و شیوۀ طراحی متفاوت در شهر مشهد بود، که از میان آنها نمونهای شامل 300نفر به روش نمونهگیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند. پایایی پرسشنامۀ محققساخت با محاسبۀ آلفای کرونباخ و روایی آن با استفاده از روش تحلیل عامل تأییدی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در نهایت بررسی روابط علّی از طریق مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد، میان ادراک تراکم و تعاملات اجتماعی رابطۀ منفی وجود داشته و ادراک تراکم در مدل مورد نظر پژوهش نقش واسطهای دارد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_62264_838b722deb9eb7e49e226ae139127585.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602022120170522Typology and geometrical and Structural Analysis of Yazdi-Bandi in Iranian Architectureگونهشناسی و تحلیل هندسی و سازهای یزدیبندی در معماری ایران53646226510.22059/jfaup.2017.62265FAسهیلنظریدانشجوحامدمظاهریاندانشگاه تهران0000-0002-5196-3531غلامحسینمعماریاندانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران0000-0003-1489-6648Journal Article20160716In this research, Yazdi Bandi Domes considers as a one of the roof ornaments in Iranian traditional Architecture that in local expression called “Karbandi”. Karbandi is a expression that refer all of the three dimension works in Architecture motifs of the roofs like “Muqarnas”, “ Rasmi Bandi” , “ Kase Sazi “ and “Yazdi Bandi “. The aim of the paper is to present a New Identification by categorizing and geometrical and structural analysis of Yazdi Bandi. The authors observed and surveyed the many cases of Yazdi bandi in different cities and monuments. Specially Historical Iranian cities like Isfahan , Yazd , Kerman and Natanz and it observed in many types of the building like Mosques , Madrassa, Bazars and others. Also it covers many historical eras from the Seljuk’s Empire in 5th century (A.H) to Qajars dynasty in 19th century. To reach the aims, first authors search for the origins of this architecture element in the primary sample of the ribbed vaults in Isfahan specially the great mosque of Isfahan. And then by categorizing the observed cases, attempts to analysis the geometry and structure specification of the Yazdi Bandi. Therefore, the existence of a determined Geometric units named “ Sine Fakhri “ is held in common in all of the cases, so it could be consider as a most significant geometric elements of Yazdi-Bandi. After survey of Yazdi Bandi cases by authors, this elements of Iranian architecture can be categorize in two types. First of them refers to kind of Yazdi Bandi that most of the geometric and structural specifications is resembles to Rasmi Bandi. This type of Yazdi bandi seems has been created by mutation of Rasmi Bandi with fragmentation of geometric units to Yazdi Banid geometry. This types of Yazdi divided in two groups. In the first group, there is no Horizonal elements in Structural form but in the second, there is a horizontal star shapes polygon that called “ Takht “. Because of horizontal shape of this elements, this types of Yazdi Bandi cannot consider as a load bearing structure. Among the cases observed, this types of Yazdi Bandi has the most redundancy between other types. This types of Yazdi can be observed in many monuments like historical houses specially in Kashan and Kerman. Also there is anothers types of Yazdi Bandi that could be observed in some historical monuments specially in Isfahan, In “ Chahar-Bagh Madrassa “ or “ Naghe Jahan square “. This types of Yazdi Bandis unlike other types, the geometric and structural specifications of them likewise construction techniques are most resemble to Muqarnas specifications. By geometric analysis and survey in drawing methods as well as two and three geometry dimensional analysis, it can be suggested that this kind of Yazdi Bandi has been created by mutation and evolution of Muqarnas specifications. The research methods of this paper consist of direct survey of case studies and also utilize of resources and documents in libraryپوشش یزدیبندی یکی از مهمترین عناصر معماری ایرانی محسوب میشود و در این مقاله با در نظر گرفتن آن به عنوان یکی از انواع کاربندی آسمانه بناهای معماری ایران، و با هدف دستهبندی، تحلیل هندسی و بررسی سازهای، سعی در بیان یک تعریف و بررسی ویژگیهای این پوشش معماری شده است. در این راستا، ابتدا با کنکاش در هندسه دو مورد از تاقهای کهن معماری ایران سعی در پی یافتن خاستگاه شکلگیری هندسه یزدیبندی شده است و پس از دستهبندی انواع یزدیبندیها، تحلیل هندسی و سازهای آنها در دستور کار بوده است. بنابر یافتههای پژوهش، شرط اطلاق یزدی به یک کار، وجود آلت هندسی "سینهفخری" عنوان شده است و کار یزدیبندی در زمینه هندسه و نقش سازهای به دو دسته: 1. یزدیهایی که در پی تحول هندسی و سازهای رسمیبندی به وجود آمدهاند و به نظر میرسد هندسه آنها بر پایه شبکه ترسیمات رسمیبندی به وجود میآید و 2. یزدیهایی که با بررسی آنها نتیجه میشود که هم از لحاظ هندسی و سازهای و همچنین روش ساخت از فرمول مقرنس پیرویمیکنند دستهبندی میشود. پژوهش حاضر به روش مشاهده مستقیم مصادیق مرتبط با موضوع مقاله تدوین شده است و در تحلیل نمونهها از منابع کتابخانهای و اسناد مرتبط استفاده شده است.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_62265_fd8708e8c0d819e998e407bc25fb3189.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602022120170522The relationship between system of activities and configuration Kuhdasht houses with space syntax approachرابطه سیستم فعالیتهای جمعی و پیکربندی خانه های کوهدشت با رویکرد نحو فضا65746226610.22059/jfaup.2017.62266FAعبدالمجیدنورتقانیدانشگاه گلستانجاسمآزادبختدانشگاه گلستانJournal Article20161218This study examined the effects of spatial configuration of the system of collective activity areas are houses. For this purpose it is necessary degree of integration and resolution of configuration and system houses as collective field activities to be monitored home. The study was based on the analysis from selected samples of 110 traditional and moder4nization of house layouts in Kuhdasht city, through adopting the theory of space syntax and its techniques (gamma analysis method).For the analysis of collective activities of Means-End model and Research Viewing lifestyle between families was used and for greater compatibility and visibility of the activities of collective areas in three neighborhoods of correspondence analysis was used. This study, interpret and identify the relationship between spatial configuration and changes in the field of collective scale through collective activities Categories, the main features of space systems and measurement and numerical data and its impact on the houses is a pattern. Socio-cultural characteristics of inhabitants, housing configuration to affect the day. The system of activities and rules governing the relations between the inhabitants will be configured. So a cultural group with genotype housing should be the same. The results show that by changing the spatial configuration, the system does not change, but inhabitants of the house with your activities to adapt their spaces. Its inhabitants and housing on the basis of the gain relationship between family structures explains the compatibility and adaptation. But the response of residents to adaptability actually to create facilities that are factor or potential in houses and through the forms and meanings to adapt space needs, behavioral and psychological humans depend. Another result of this study was that in all three types of housing, among other of individual sectors and collective sectors of home services sectors, with the highest integration and has the lowest depths of space.<br /> This is a testament to adapt the structure of the home space with the system is of activities. This implies that the value of high integration collective space facilitates collaborative activities and social events.So that most the inhabitants relations and social media activities with guests as it happens. The continuity of the power system collective field activities, social and cultural laws Research findings showed that despite the change in the spatial configuration and remove some areas of collective spaces, the system will the continuity of activities in this field. The study suggests the absence of such relationships the continuity of system collective field activities show Correlation events with cultural and social - cultural laws so that configuration changes created space and no significant effect on the events.Inhabitants preferences of your physical adjust to changes and behaviors, values and match it to your needs. Ability of individuals to adapt to the environment, analysis of space syntax doubt, so it suggested to validate the syntax analysis the level of satisfaction to be evaluated the more. In other words, the configuration space, the spatial organization and different means of creating social - cultural, the ultimate goal of all this effort.پژوهش حاضر به بررسی رابطه متقابل بین پیکربندی فضایی و نظام فعالیت ها در مقیاس عرصههای جمعی از طریق دسته بندی فعالیتهای جمعی و اندازهگیری داده های نحوی خانهها می پردازد. برای تعیین خواسته مورد نظر تعداد 110 خانه از سه گونه مسکن کوهدشت به صورت غیر تصادفی با توجه به روش مبتنی بر هدف و ملاحظات انتخاب گردید؛ برای تحلیل فعالیتهای جمعی از مصاحبه ابزار–غایت، مشاهده و ثبت فعالیتها استفاده شد و برای همخوانی و پیدایی مهمترین فعالیتها از روش تحلیل تناظر استفاده شد. یافتههای پژوهش حاکی از آنست، گونههای مسکن پیکربندیهای متفاوتی دارند اما با وجود تغییر پیکربندی فضایی، سیستم فعالیتها تغییر نکرده و ساکنان خود را با فضاهای مورد نظر انطباق داده اند. میزان پاسخ گویی ساکنان به تطبیق پذیری بستگی به تامین نیازهای فضایی-رفتاری آنها دارد؛ بنابراین استمرار سیستم فعالیتها نشان از قدرت قانونمندی های فرهنگی- اجتماعی است. ساکنان ترجیحات کالبدی خود را با تغییرات تطبیق داده و رفتارها، ارزشها و نیازهای خود را با آن هماهنگ می کنند. توانایی افراد در انطباق با محیط، نتایج تحلیلهای نحو فضا را مورد تردید قرار میدهد، لذا پیشنهاد میشود جهت اعتبار بخشی بیشتر به تحلیل های نحوی سطح رضایتمندی نیز بررسی گردد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_62266_4ba246e01021a4d09407c30d36641680.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602022120170522Architecture and MBTI; Investigation of How the Use of The Characterology and Personality Type of the Space User in Housing Designمعماری و MBTI؛ بررسی شیوه استفاده از شخصیت شناسی و ویژگیهای شخصیتی کاربر فضا در طراحی مسکن75886226710.22059/jfaup.2017.62267FAمحمد جوادثقفیاستاد دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانفاطمهطاهری سیاحکارشناس ارشد معماری، پردیس فارابی، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20160426A psychological approach to architecture, especially ‘Characterology’, with the aim of establishing a better relationship between architecture and the human has become increasingly important. The various attitudes and different opinions of people, when faced with an architectural work, with the assumption of independence of thought, represents the being alive of thought and the difference in angles attitudes and ideologies of people. Whatever recognition of the various aspects of human existence and his architectural perspective would be obtained better and more precise, naturally, better understanding of the human needs and demands will be created. Better understanding alongside the proper implementation of architecture leads to desirable features of space in itself, and provides satisfaction to the users. Several studies with different titles including ‘participatory design’ have been carried out to improve the relationship between human and environment in recent decades, but they have not achieved the predicted success, due to the inability to accurately recognize the real needs of space users; it should be mentioned that most needs are mental and emotional and are hidden from sight in the unconscious of person. The Myers -Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) instrument is the most trusted and widely used personality assessment test in the world and it is one form of personality recognition based on Carl Gustav Jung's theory of personality. In fact, ‘personality type’ is congenital and non-acquisitive tendency in every human that determines the values, desires, thoughts and actions of each human being. In this category, there are 16 personality types based on 4 dichotomous personality preferences that can be identified as motivation factors and inner desires of human in 4 preferences including: “energy orientation” - Extraversion & Introversion-, “information gathering” - Sensing & iNtuition, “decision making” - Thinking & Feeling, and “lifestyle” - Judging & Perceiving. The MBTI, as the most prestigious categorization of personality types, can give correct and unmediated information that could be basic criteria apart, from the one-dimensional taste for designing, to predict the outcome of the project. In this study, architecture was evaluated to check that whether there is a link between personality types and selection of architectural space. For deeper investigation, two of the 16 personality types, “INTJ” - Introversion, iNtuition, Thinking, Judging and “ESFP” - Extraversion, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving -, were examined. The research method is correlation, so the relation between two variables is evaluated. The independent variable is personality type and the selections in architectural space were considered the dependent variable. Statistical analysis was performed by the Pearson test in SPSS software also the reliability of architecture questionnaire by Cronbach's alpha is done in SPSS software. The results indicate a positive correlation between each of the preferences with selections in the space, so this is the correct way to encounter space and undoubtedly the personality profile of the space user has a scientific functionality as a background of Characterological approach to guide the designer to create options that are more likely to satisfy the user.با هدف برقراری ارتباط هرچه بهتر میان معماری و انسان، نگاه به معماری از زاویه روانشناسی- بهویژه شخصیتشناسی- اهمیتی روزافزون یافته است. واکنشهای متفاوت افراد در برابر یک اثر معماری، از تفاوت در نگرش و طرز تفکر افراد ناشی میشود و شناخت زاویه نگاه و درک هرچه بهتر مطالبات انسان، راهگشای این ارتباط است. در این تحقیق از دریچه تیپهای شخصیتی MBTI – نمایانگر گرایشات مادرزادی و غیراکتسابی افراد- به معماری نگاه شده که میتواند اطلاعاتی صحیح و بیواسطه در اختیار طراح قرار دهد، معیاری اصولی فارغ از سلیقه تکبعدی برای طراحی باشد و پیشبینی نتیجه طرح را نیز امکانپذیر سازد. جهت بررسی دقیقتر، دو تیپ از 16 تیپ شخصیتی (INTJ و ESFP) مورد کنکاش قرارگرفتهاند. روش تحقیق مورد استفاده، روش همبستگی است که در آن، متغیر مستقل، شخصیت افراد و متغیر وابسته، انتخابها در فضای معماری میباشد و تحلیل آماری نتایج به وسیله آزمون پیرسون و پایایی درونی پرسشنامه معماری از طریق آلفای کرونباخ در SPSS انجام گرفته است. نتایج بهدستآمده، نشاندهنده همبستگی مثبت میان ترجیحات و انتخابها در فضا میباشد. بنابراین، ویژگیهای شخصیتی کاربران فضا میتواند به عنوان پیشزمینه نگرش شخصیت شناسانه به معماری، هدایتگر معمار به طراحی فضای مطلوبتر، همراه با رضایتمندی بیشتر از سوی مخاطب باشد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_62267_d1d5721d08b346760e5bfd11bb68c57b.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602022120170522The Relationship between the Past and the Present in Some Contemporary Residential Architecture in Tehranنسبت امروز و گذشته در آثاری از معماری مسکونی معاصر تهران891046226810.22059/jfaup.2017.62268FAریحانهخاقانپور شاهرضاییکارشناس ارشد معماریحمیدرضاخوئیدانشگاه شهید بهشتیJournal Article20161205Some experts believe that today’s Iranian architecture is not in the way of the traditional architecture. Reviewing history books and magazines shows that heritage of traditional Iranian architecture has been neglected since Qajar era. Therefore establishing a link between the present and the past is considered an important issue of Iranian contemporary architecture and it has been years that “Iranian identity in architecture” and “an architecture that is catered to Iranians’ preferences” have become critical challenges of many Iranian architects. In contemporary era, many architectural scholars recognize the establishment of a connection to the past as a way of transforming the current undesirable status of architecture, asserting that Iranian traditional architecture has implicit and explicit principles that can be realized at any time. Therefore, after when the negative aspects of this neglect were revealed, several architects began to restore the heritage in their architectural pieces and many considerable works have been created. Also in theory many scholars have thought about this issue and many meetings have been held in this topic.<br /> In the last decades, some researches have been done with the aim of finding the contemporary architectural pieces and buildings that have tried to follow the traditional rules and criteria of Iranian architecture. This research studies some of the contemporary residential buildings in Tehran, which are designed by following this course- with the aim of identifying design approaches. Researchers referred to scholars of today architecture and experts – academicals or professional - for selecting precedents of this typology. Finally, four projects out of thirty are analyzed by using innate critique and “understanding the architecture through itself”; Because understanding the relationship between the past and the present established in architectural projects can only gained through contemplation on the works themselves.<br /> After analyzing the projects, architectural approaches in the way of creating a connection to the past, are explained. The conclusion includes acknowledgement of contemporary architects’ attempts in order to establish a connection between the present and the traditional architecture; illustrating their success and failures. <br /> In the end, the architectural approaches in these four houses are categorized in two main groups: Overall approaches and detailed approaches. The results show that using brick and stucco as well as the composition of volumes and masses has helped in creating an Iranian and familiar appearance. Also creating traditional spaces such as vestibule and corridor is another approach. Eventually the central courtyard – as one of the most important approaches- is defined and the results of such a decision in these cases will be assessed. It can be concluded that maybe having a central courtyard in the contemporary residential buildings is not compatible with today’s lifestyle.<br /> This article refutes that the judgments made can be extended to any architectural projects of this typology, but the results of this research can be hypotheses for future detailed researches in this area and within the limits of contemporary architecture in Iran and countries that face similar problems - especially in the area of residential buildings.برخی از اهل نظر گفتهاند که معماری گذشته و امروز ایران نسبتی با هم ندارند؛ لیکن گروهی از معماران معاصر کوشیدهاند تا از میراث معماری گذشته در آثار خود بهره برند. در مقاله، چهار بنا از آثار این معماران بررسی شدهاست- آثاری در زمرة بناهای مسکونی میان مرتبة تهران. <br /> از میان سی اثری که صاحبنظران معماری معرفی کردهاند، چهار مصداق به «شیوة نقد درونی» شرح داده شده است. شناخت رویکرد طراحان در مسیر پیوند با گذشته، ثبت تلاشهای مشترک و پاسخ به این پرسش که این طراحان، در نظر به معماری گذشته، تا چه میزان به اصول معماری ایرانی نزدیک شدهاند، هدف اصلی این کار بوده است. در نهایت ترفندها و رویکردهای طراحان در دو گروه رویکردهای کلی و رویکردهای تفصیلی دسته بندی شدهاند. با این تأملات معلوم میشود که رجوع به طرح حیاط مرکزی عمدهترین رویکرد در این چهار مصداق است. به همین دلیل در انتهای مقاله، شرح مفصلی در این باب عرضه و نتایج چنین رویکردی سنجیده میشود.<br /> از آنجاکه دامنة مصادیق گسترده نیست، نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش میتواند به مثابه فرضیه، به کار پژوهشهای آتی بیاید- پژوهشهایی در حوزة مبحث هویت در معماری ایران و تاریخ معماری معاصر ایران و کشورهایی با مسائل مشابه.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_62268_45be7814b0952233255989eb83481bf1.pdf