University of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602020420160121Explanation of the Key Criteria of the Process of
Place-Identity Formation in New Urban Development*
(Case Study: District 22 of Tehran)Explanation of the Key Criteria of the Process of
Place-Identity Formation in New Urban Development*
(Case Study: District 22 of Tehran)5205966610.22059/jfaup.2016.59666FAParsaArbabPh.D. in Urban Planning, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran0000-0002-5104-1051Mohammad MehdiAziziProfessor, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran0000-0002-5480-2717Mohammad MehdiAziziProfessor, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, TehranJournal Article20141011This research aims to explain the key criteria of the process of place-identity formation in new urban development. Based on the theories, views, and researches that are identified and cited in the framework of the mentioned purpose, eight key criteria are important and considered. These criteria are included “Familiarity”, “Environmental Legibility and Distinctiveness”, “Satisfaction”, “Environmental Self-Efficacy”, “Social Interaction”, “Environmental Congruency”, “Attachment”, and “Memorability”. These eight key criteria have been investigated with 29 sub-criteria and 50 measures or variables in total through the confirmatory factor analysis with confirmation of 8 structures and validity and reliability. This analysis has been done in relation to the case study, selected neighborhoods from District 22 of Tehran including Dehkadeh-Olympic, Cheshmeh, Rah-Ahan, and Sadra Towns, respectively with reference to 154, 157, 166, 161, and 638 samples in total. To this end, the views of the local inhabitants have been focused through a questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert-type scale including “1: very poor”, “2: poor”, “3: average or fair”, “4: Good”, and “5: Very good”. Results of the factor analysis show that these structures are in the range of 61 to 81 percent in terms of the total variance explained and reflected. The values of this index in relation to the Familiarity, Environmental Legibility and Distinctiveness, Satisfaction, Environmental Self-Efficacy, Social Interaction, Environmental Congruency, Attachment, and Memorability are about 71%, 61%, 70%, 64%, 70%, 61%, 72%, and 81%. According to the statuses of each of the key criteria, as the scores show, all eight factors of the process of place-identity formation in new urban development are average (2.96 to 3.04). However, separate output indicates that their statuses are better than average in Dehkadeh-Olympic (3.21-3.4), average in Cheshmeh (3.03-3.15), close to average in Rah-Ahan (2.80-3.04), and between poor and average in Sadra town (2.47-2.76). Accordingly, it can be said that the situation of identification as the formation of sense and identity of place is more favorable in Dehkadeh-Olympic compared to the other towns. A measurement model for the process of place-identity formation in new urban development has been suggested based on the above-mentioned eight criteria or factor structures. This finding is an essential step on the path of developing a structural model in this regard. Statistical tests and indices of the model fit assessment establish that this suggested measurement model is acceptable in term of the coordination of actual data including 638 samples with factor structure. In reference to the contribution and role of this research, it can be emphasized that the foundation of any insight and vision on the mechanism of the place-identity formation in new urban development is only possible by simultaneous attention to all the key criteria: Familiarity, Environmental Legibility and Distinctiveness, Satisfaction, Environmental Self-Efficacy, Social Interaction, Environmental Congruency, Attachment, and Memorability. In addition, evaluation of this process, planning, and acting in order to accelerate and enhance it should be considered accordingly based on this framework. Further specific studies on these criteria or factors and their effectivenesses and relationships are issues that can be addressed in future researches for clarification of the theoretical and empirical findings.This research aims to explain the key criteria of the process of place-identity formation in new urban development. Based on the theories, views, and researches that are identified and cited in the framework of the mentioned purpose, eight key criteria are important and considered. These criteria are included “Familiarity”, “Environmental Legibility and Distinctiveness”, “Satisfaction”, “Environmental Self-Efficacy”, “Social Interaction”, “Environmental Congruency”, “Attachment”, and “Memorability”. These eight key criteria have been investigated with 29 sub-criteria and 50 measures or variables in total through the confirmatory factor analysis with confirmation of 8 structures and validity and reliability. This analysis has been done in relation to the case study, selected neighborhoods from District 22 of Tehran including Dehkadeh-Olympic, Cheshmeh, Rah-Ahan, and Sadra Towns, respectively with reference to 154, 157, 166, 161, and 638 samples in total. To this end, the views of the local inhabitants have been focused through a questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert-type scale including “1: very poor”, “2: poor”, “3: average or fair”, “4: Good”, and “5: Very good”. Results of the factor analysis show that these structures are in the range of 61 to 81 percent in terms of the total variance explained and reflected. The values of this index in relation to the Familiarity, Environmental Legibility and Distinctiveness, Satisfaction, Environmental Self-Efficacy, Social Interaction, Environmental Congruency, Attachment, and Memorability are about 71%, 61%, 70%, 64%, 70%, 61%, 72%, and 81%. According to the statuses of each of the key criteria, as the scores show, all eight factors of the process of place-identity formation in new urban development are average (2.96 to 3.04). However, separate output indicates that their statuses are better than average in Dehkadeh-Olympic (3.21-3.4), average in Cheshmeh (3.03-3.15), close to average in Rah-Ahan (2.80-3.04), and between poor and average in Sadra town (2.47-2.76). Accordingly, it can be said that the situation of identification as the formation of sense and identity of place is more favorable in Dehkadeh-Olympic compared to the other towns. A measurement model for the process of place-identity formation in new urban development has been suggested based on the above-mentioned eight criteria or factor structures. This finding is an essential step on the path of developing a structural model in this regard. Statistical tests and indices of the model fit assessment establish that this suggested measurement model is acceptable in term of the coordination of actual data including 638 samples with factor structure. In reference to the contribution and role of this research, it can be emphasized that the foundation of any insight and vision on the mechanism of the place-identity formation in new urban development is only possible by simultaneous attention to all the key criteria: Familiarity, Environmental Legibility and Distinctiveness, Satisfaction, Environmental Self-Efficacy, Social Interaction, Environmental Congruency, Attachment, and Memorability. In addition, evaluation of this process, planning, and acting in order to accelerate and enhance it should be considered accordingly based on this framework. Further specific studies on these criteria or factors and their effectivenesses and relationships are issues that can be addressed in future researches for clarification of the theoretical and empirical findings.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_59666_bf258d4564fe15acac21b7dfd2d5b81a.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602020420160121Outdoor Microclimate and Pavement Material - Case Study in University SiteOutdoor Microclimate and Pavement Material - Case Study in University Site21325966710.22059/jfaup.2016.59667FAMansourehTahbazAssociate Professor, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Behesti University, Tehran0000-0003-3765-8407ShahrbanooDjalilianMarch., Independent Researcher, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20141011Pavement materials have great impact on heat island control under the urban canyon layer. Understanding the properties of pavement materials can help to reduce the heat island effect. Introducing the main properties of pavement surfaces affecting sol-air temperature and mean radiant temperature - such as albedo, permeability, conductivity, thickness, emissivity, irradiation and convective air flow – is the main scope of this article. The result of an outdoor microclimate case study that was done in the site of Kashan University in summit summer and winter is introduced in this regard. Using climatology equipment`s such as portable weather station, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature and infrared camera, the local and microclimate weather condition and surface temperature was measured in shaded and sunny walkways with different pavement surfaces. A weather station was fixed on the roof of a building in the site to represent the local climate condition. A portable weather station and other equipment`s where moved in the walkways in different paths of the university site. The data of surface temperature, mean radiant temperature, dry bulb temperature and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) in different points of the walkways were gathered in morning, noon and afternoon in two days of hot summer and cold winters. The observed points where chosen according to their different conditions such as coffee shops, rest places, bus stations, building entrances and so on. the gathered data were analyzed using Microsoft excel and were compared with heat stress cards of WBGT to show thermal condition for pedestrians. The information of each observed point is presented in tables to show the place condition, time and date of observation, weather temperature, surface temperature of the surrounding materials, and Local climate temperature at the observed time in each place. the results show the important effect of the sunlit pavement surfaces to increase ambient temperature comparing with local temperature. It was clear that sunshades are the most important parameters to moderate ambient temperature. Sunshades prepare favorite shadow in summer days while they have ability to reduce night irradiation in winters. Therefore they can decrease daily and yearly temperature swing. In summer midday the difference between sunny and shaded places reached to 12-14°C in asphalt surfaces. In all shaded pavements except asphalt under white iron shades, the ambient weather was 2-7°C less than local temperature. Green surfaces as heat sink materials will modify the ambient temperature in hot and cold conditions. In grass surfaces the ambient temperature was 10-13°C less than local climate in summer midday in sunny and shaded condition respectively. It was only 2°C less than local climate in winter day in shaded condition and 2°C more in sunny condition. Therewith green surfaces, cobblestone with permeability property and soil surface showed the best heat sink ability. Dark asphalt and soil surfaces in sunlit vast areas produce the worst condition in summer and winter by increasing the temperature swing rang. Wet surfaces will modify thermal condition by reducing absorption factor and increasing evaporative cooling effect. Pavement materials have great impact on heat island control under the urban canyon layer. Understanding the properties of pavement materials can help to reduce the heat island effect. Introducing the main properties of pavement surfaces affecting sol-air temperature and mean radiant temperature - such as albedo, permeability, conductivity, thickness, emissivity, irradiation and convective air flow – is the main scope of this article. The result of an outdoor microclimate case study that was done in the site of Kashan University in summit summer and winter is introduced in this regard. Using climatology equipment`s such as portable weather station, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature and infrared camera, the local and microclimate weather condition and surface temperature was measured in shaded and sunny walkways with different pavement surfaces. A weather station was fixed on the roof of a building in the site to represent the local climate condition. A portable weather station and other equipment`s where moved in the walkways in different paths of the university site. The data of surface temperature, mean radiant temperature, dry bulb temperature and Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) in different points of the walkways were gathered in morning, noon and afternoon in two days of hot summer and cold winters. The observed points where chosen according to their different conditions such as coffee shops, rest places, bus stations, building entrances and so on. the gathered data were analyzed using Microsoft excel and were compared with heat stress cards of WBGT to show thermal condition for pedestrians. The information of each observed point is presented in tables to show the place condition, time and date of observation, weather temperature, surface temperature of the surrounding materials, and Local climate temperature at the observed time in each place. the results show the important effect of the sunlit pavement surfaces to increase ambient temperature comparing with local temperature. It was clear that sunshades are the most important parameters to moderate ambient temperature. Sunshades prepare favorite shadow in summer days while they have ability to reduce night irradiation in winters. Therefore they can decrease daily and yearly temperature swing. In summer midday the difference between sunny and shaded places reached to 12-14°C in asphalt surfaces. In all shaded pavements except asphalt under white iron shades, the ambient weather was 2-7°C less than local temperature. Green surfaces as heat sink materials will modify the ambient temperature in hot and cold conditions. In grass surfaces the ambient temperature was 10-13°C less than local climate in summer midday in sunny and shaded condition respectively. It was only 2°C less than local climate in winter day in shaded condition and 2°C more in sunny condition. Therewith green surfaces, cobblestone with permeability property and soil surface showed the best heat sink ability. Dark asphalt and soil surfaces in sunlit vast areas produce the worst condition in summer and winter by increasing the temperature swing rang. Wet surfaces will modify thermal condition by reducing absorption factor and increasing evaporative cooling effect. https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_59667_cdf3694f965547d94158c412fe6f2761.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602020420160121Analyzing the Effect of Railway as Industrial Heritage in IranAnalyzing the Effect of Railway as Industrial Heritage in Iran33445966810.22059/jfaup.2016.59668FAMortezaFarahbakhshthe Academic Member, Faculty of Art, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran.PirouzHanachiProfessor, School of Architecture, College of fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran0000-0002-3150-6501Journal Article20130628This research studies how the industry in Iran emerged under the influence of industrial revolution and it tries to determine, by exploring the history and process of new industries’ formation within 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries, the valuable role of these structures, particularly railway as an integral part of the historical memory of this land. As part of heritage, railway and its values underlie forming other development forms in country. Introducing efforts and referring to governments and individuals that played a fundamental role in national railway during this period, this paper intends to introduce railway’s engineering and architectural values along cultural-historical significance as a part of national industrial memory. Among symbols of industrials Communities at the beginning of the era of the Industrial Revolution can be development of communication networks which play an essential role in Influence and goals, as well as reduce production costs and improvement of the socio-economic and political influence in the process of progress and development. The most important factors affecting transportation, formation and development of the railway network as the engine revolution can be cited. Nowadays, through the industrial revolution and change of means of production and the rapid growth of new technologies and the production of many industrial past have been metamorphosed and changed. The past plants function has lost its role in the community and the destruction of the outcome of that era has faced a lot of changes. . This leads to the formation of the new definitions of cultural heritage and the recognition of the history and culture during the presence of the machines under concepts such as industrial and modern heritage. Among the most prominent signs of industrialization in Iran the formation and establishment of railways can be cited. As regards of the difficult history of thinking and construction of railway lines that lasted from the middle of the Qajar to the Pahlavi and played a main role in the development of economic-political history of the country and the world; Understanding and familiarity with the areas and its formation and its initial recognition and the introduction of a historical and cultural elements of architecture that is the national values and heritage. The study in this part identifies the country's industry, presence of effects, equipment and historical facilities that are directly or indirectly associated with the categories and the need to pay attention and efforts to preserve and present the historical memory and Technology and recognition wealth unknown in this field is highlighted. It is recommended to introduce inherent and global values of railway industrial heritage by adopting flexible strategies and protection methods in accordance with environmental conditions and national development programs; further, it is also suggested to make protection efforts by creating specialized railway museum and tourism areas along historical line ways such as Tehran-North road and like. Finally, using documents and images presented in the form of tables Examples of valuable works of historic railways index fields to provide greater recognition and attention to preserving cultural landscape and these works.
<strong> </strong>This research studies how the industry in Iran emerged under the influence of industrial revolution and it tries to determine, by exploring the history and process of new industries’ formation within 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries, the valuable role of these structures, particularly railway as an integral part of the historical memory of this land. As part of heritage, railway and its values underlie forming other development forms in country. Introducing efforts and referring to governments and individuals that played a fundamental role in national railway during this period, this paper intends to introduce railway’s engineering and architectural values along cultural-historical significance as a part of national industrial memory. Among symbols of industrials Communities at the beginning of the era of the Industrial Revolution can be development of communication networks which play an essential role in Influence and goals, as well as reduce production costs and improvement of the socio-economic and political influence in the process of progress and development. The most important factors affecting transportation, formation and development of the railway network as the engine revolution can be cited. Nowadays, through the industrial revolution and change of means of production and the rapid growth of new technologies and the production of many industrial past have been metamorphosed and changed. The past plants function has lost its role in the community and the destruction of the outcome of that era has faced a lot of changes. . This leads to the formation of the new definitions of cultural heritage and the recognition of the history and culture during the presence of the machines under concepts such as industrial and modern heritage. Among the most prominent signs of industrialization in Iran the formation and establishment of railways can be cited. As regards of the difficult history of thinking and construction of railway lines that lasted from the middle of the Qajar to the Pahlavi and played a main role in the development of economic-political history of the country and the world; Understanding and familiarity with the areas and its formation and its initial recognition and the introduction of a historical and cultural elements of architecture that is the national values and heritage. The study in this part identifies the country's industry, presence of effects, equipment and historical facilities that are directly or indirectly associated with the categories and the need to pay attention and efforts to preserve and present the historical memory and Technology and recognition wealth unknown in this field is highlighted. It is recommended to introduce inherent and global values of railway industrial heritage by adopting flexible strategies and protection methods in accordance with environmental conditions and national development programs; further, it is also suggested to make protection efforts by creating specialized railway museum and tourism areas along historical line ways such as Tehran-North road and like. Finally, using documents and images presented in the form of tables Examples of valuable works of historic railways index fields to provide greater recognition and attention to preserving cultural landscape and these works.
<strong> </strong>https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_59668_7ef80e6cf2a97f82672a6f17cb6653f7.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602020420160121Reconstruction of Bazaar District, after the 2003 Bam Earthquake, from the Collective Memory PerspectiveReconstruction of Bazaar District, after the 2003 Bam Earthquake, from the Collective Memory Perspective45585967210.22059/jfaup.2016.59672FAAlirezaFallahiProfessor of the Post-Disaster Reconstruction Department, Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Tehran,FereshtehAslaniPh.D. Candidate, Civil Engineering, Earthquake Engineering, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20141117Experiences indicate that after earthquakes a little attention is paid to the role of collective memory (CM) in the reconstruction process. This is due to time constraints, because all organizations try to speed up the physical reconstruction process, after the disasters. Thus, quality is sacrificed for quantity. Herein one of the most challenging issues is the reconstruction of Bazaar neighborhood, because it has unique physical and historical features. People have many memories from this neighborhood. But, unfortunately, it changed during the reconstruction after the 2003 Bam earthquake. This study attempts to use Grounded Theory, a methodology in qualitative research, to review the reconstruction of Bazaar neighborhood in Bam City, from the collective memory (CM) perspective. With this aim, the required data were collected through depth interviews during three travels to Bam City in November 13-14, 2013, March 23-24, 2014 and April 15-18, 2014. The experimental data were achieved through interview with 21 native people and tradesmen from Bazaar neighborhood, each in 20 to 40 minutes. These data were obtained from research environment. To determine the number of interviewees, the concept of “Theoretical Saturation” was used. The interview process ended when the replies of people seemed repetitive. Then, for analyzing data, a regular set of procedures in three stages was applied. These stages are open, axial and selective coding. Also in order to analysis and interpretation of data, 182 concepts, 12 categories, 3 coring categories (in three fields of form, activity and imagination) and a central category was deduced. This research introduces two conceptual models in order to identify the main components of collective memory (CM). “Form”, “activity” and “imagination” are the main factors of collective memory (CM) in the first conceptual model and “time” and “place” are the main components in the second conceptual model. Central category in this research is “collective memory (CM) as a missing link in the process of planning of Bam reconstruction”. The outcome of this study is that current approaches of reconstruction give little importance to the identity and intangible needs of residents. Therefore, it causes the loss of collective memories. Thus, this study emphasizes attention to revival of collective memories in policy and planning of reconstruction process. From the view of this approach, the purpose is not merely physical reconstruction. But the main aim is access to a lively city that people feel they belong to it. The approach of reconstruction from the collective memory (CM) perspective is suggested for future planning of reconstruction in similar places. The purpose of this approach is not to remove past, nor repetition and imitation. This process is a social and participatory plan while appreciating the identity, with interests and changing needs of society is harmonious. It follows permanence and change. For this purpose, identifying all aspects of form, activity and imagination and also tangible and intangible layers of city is necessary. In other words, using self-centered decisions and changes with only economic approach leads to reducing the quality of life and gradual removing of collective memory (CM).
Experiences indicate that after earthquakes a little attention is paid to the role of collective memory (CM) in the reconstruction process. This is due to time constraints, because all organizations try to speed up the physical reconstruction process, after the disasters. Thus, quality is sacrificed for quantity. Herein one of the most challenging issues is the reconstruction of Bazaar neighborhood, because it has unique physical and historical features. People have many memories from this neighborhood. But, unfortunately, it changed during the reconstruction after the 2003 Bam earthquake. This study attempts to use Grounded Theory, a methodology in qualitative research, to review the reconstruction of Bazaar neighborhood in Bam City, from the collective memory (CM) perspective. With this aim, the required data were collected through depth interviews during three travels to Bam City in November 13-14, 2013, March 23-24, 2014 and April 15-18, 2014. The experimental data were achieved through interview with 21 native people and tradesmen from Bazaar neighborhood, each in 20 to 40 minutes. These data were obtained from research environment. To determine the number of interviewees, the concept of “Theoretical Saturation” was used. The interview process ended when the replies of people seemed repetitive. Then, for analyzing data, a regular set of procedures in three stages was applied. These stages are open, axial and selective coding. Also in order to analysis and interpretation of data, 182 concepts, 12 categories, 3 coring categories (in three fields of form, activity and imagination) and a central category was deduced. This research introduces two conceptual models in order to identify the main components of collective memory (CM). “Form”, “activity” and “imagination” are the main factors of collective memory (CM) in the first conceptual model and “time” and “place” are the main components in the second conceptual model. Central category in this research is “collective memory (CM) as a missing link in the process of planning of Bam reconstruction”. The outcome of this study is that current approaches of reconstruction give little importance to the identity and intangible needs of residents. Therefore, it causes the loss of collective memories. Thus, this study emphasizes attention to revival of collective memories in policy and planning of reconstruction process. From the view of this approach, the purpose is not merely physical reconstruction. But the main aim is access to a lively city that people feel they belong to it. The approach of reconstruction from the collective memory (CM) perspective is suggested for future planning of reconstruction in similar places. The purpose of this approach is not to remove past, nor repetition and imitation. This process is a social and participatory plan while appreciating the identity, with interests and changing needs of society is harmonious. It follows permanence and change. For this purpose, identifying all aspects of form, activity and imagination and also tangible and intangible layers of city is necessary. In other words, using self-centered decisions and changes with only economic approach leads to reducing the quality of life and gradual removing of collective memory (CM).
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_59672_0e80618b36a7cff483be988ad75140d5.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602020420160121Comparative Revising the Curriculum of Basic Design Studios in Undergraduate Studies of ArchitectureComparative Revising the Curriculum of Basic Design Studios in Undergraduate Studies of Architecture59725967310.22059/jfaup.2016.59673FAAfraGharibpourAssistant Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran,MaralToutounchi MoghaddamPhD Candidate, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, TehranJournal Article20150610The current study attempts to revise the curriculum and syllabus of the Basic Design studios in undergraduate program of Architecture. The current curriculum has been executed since 1999 in Iran. In this program lasting for eight to nine semesters, three semesters is dedicated to basic design education, which is workshop-base. Despite the proposed curriculum for these studios, the accurate and exact syllabus must be determined by the instructors in different schools of Architecture. This curriculum needs to be revised so that it could adjust to the general goals of architectural education in Iran and provides a commodious program according to the necessities of architecture today around the world. This research is done based on a comparative method, comparing the curriculum of Basic Design Studios in some creditable foreign schools of architecture and three major schools of architecture in Iran. Thus the research is accomplished in three major sections. In the first section, the curriculum of undergraduate programs of Architecture is studied in eleven foreign schools of Architecture. These schools are selected among the American, British, Australian and Turkish Schools of Architecture. This study focuses on the length of their basic design education, their goals and the syllabus of these programs. In these eleven schools, the length of the program varies from three to six years depending on the type of degree that they offer and accordingly the length of the Basic Design studios varies from one to four semesters. This study shows that twelve major topics for basic design education can be identified through different programs. In the second section, the current syllabus of Basic Design studios in three main Iranian schools is studied separately. Four separate workshops provide eleven major topics in these basic design syllabuses too. Finally, in the third section the similarities and differences in curriculum of foreign and Iranian schools are discussed. There are some main topics which are common in the curriculum of Iranian and foreign schools of architecture, thus they can be assumed as the fundamental topics which are essential in any type of architectural education. There are also some topics which are only offered in foreign schools of architecture, while there are some other topics which are mainly followed in curriculum of Iranian schools. Regarding to the main goals of undergraduate education in architecture which are either training professional architects or preparing students to continue their education in the fields of their choice, the essence of architectural education can be identified as ability-base, insight-base and knowledge-based education. Accordingly the curriculum of Basic Design studios should provide a convenient package of topics relevant to those mentioned goals. For achieving this purpose the essential topics are determined in three main groups covering basic abilities and potentials, intuitional and knowledge of students. As a result, the appropriate length, goals and detailed topics are proposed for the syllabus of Basic Design studios in undergraduate education. This result can be applied as a basis for designing exclusive syllabuses for Basic Design studios in different schools of Architecture.
The current study attempts to revise the curriculum and syllabus of the Basic Design studios in undergraduate program of Architecture. The current curriculum has been executed since 1999 in Iran. In this program lasting for eight to nine semesters, three semesters is dedicated to basic design education, which is workshop-base. Despite the proposed curriculum for these studios, the accurate and exact syllabus must be determined by the instructors in different schools of Architecture. This curriculum needs to be revised so that it could adjust to the general goals of architectural education in Iran and provides a commodious program according to the necessities of architecture today around the world. This research is done based on a comparative method, comparing the curriculum of Basic Design Studios in some creditable foreign schools of architecture and three major schools of architecture in Iran. Thus the research is accomplished in three major sections. In the first section, the curriculum of undergraduate programs of Architecture is studied in eleven foreign schools of Architecture. These schools are selected among the American, British, Australian and Turkish Schools of Architecture. This study focuses on the length of their basic design education, their goals and the syllabus of these programs. In these eleven schools, the length of the program varies from three to six years depending on the type of degree that they offer and accordingly the length of the Basic Design studios varies from one to four semesters. This study shows that twelve major topics for basic design education can be identified through different programs. In the second section, the current syllabus of Basic Design studios in three main Iranian schools is studied separately. Four separate workshops provide eleven major topics in these basic design syllabuses too. Finally, in the third section the similarities and differences in curriculum of foreign and Iranian schools are discussed. There are some main topics which are common in the curriculum of Iranian and foreign schools of architecture, thus they can be assumed as the fundamental topics which are essential in any type of architectural education. There are also some topics which are only offered in foreign schools of architecture, while there are some other topics which are mainly followed in curriculum of Iranian schools. Regarding to the main goals of undergraduate education in architecture which are either training professional architects or preparing students to continue their education in the fields of their choice, the essence of architectural education can be identified as ability-base, insight-base and knowledge-based education. Accordingly the curriculum of Basic Design studios should provide a convenient package of topics relevant to those mentioned goals. For achieving this purpose the essential topics are determined in three main groups covering basic abilities and potentials, intuitional and knowledge of students. As a result, the appropriate length, goals and detailed topics are proposed for the syllabus of Basic Design studios in undergraduate education. This result can be applied as a basis for designing exclusive syllabuses for Basic Design studios in different schools of Architecture.
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_59673_b35ca22fce3b7eb394e8f5f0094f495f.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602020420160121To evaluate the role of privacy in promoting place attachment in student dormitoriesTo evaluate the role of privacy in promoting place attachment in student dormitories73865967410.22059/jfaup.2016.59674FAJournal Article20151113Leaving one’s parental home disrupts place attachment, described as the affective bond or link between one individual and a specific place and/or the people living in that place. In other words, because students move away from their parents, their friend and their hometown, their bonds with these people and their hometown are disrupted. Although moving disrupts place attachment to their hometown, but moving to a new city provides an opportunity for new students to develop new attachments. Students, after accommodation in a student dormitory on the one hand achieve a new experience in communications and interaction with other people and on the other hand, they expect a student dormitory to be such as home and looking for privacy and their private range and personal area. So the satisfaction of student dormitory largely affected by place territory and attainment of desired privacy. Obviously, in this regard, creating favorable conditions for student could formed positive image of the environment, and developed the emotional relation between individual and student residence environment.<br /> Literature has suggested the existence of a relationship between privacy experience and place attachment. Therefore, the current study focuses on the achievement of optimum privacy could affect place attachment. In this respect, in the theoretical section, definitions and different views on the concept of privacy and place attachment are reviewed and then extracted factors which is affecting on both. So, the mechanisms of formation of privacy are investigated and conditions of place attachment in student dormitory are assessed, by the survey which consists of open and closed questions. As well as to evaluate the effect of gender on the results, navigation in dormitories for male and female students was performed. In this connection, three student dormitories of Shiraz University such Rodaki and Velayat_ the girl's student dormitories_ and Shahid-dastgheyb _the boy's student dormitory_ were selected as case studies. After collecting data, data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative analysis, ANOVA analysis of variance, correlation and regression T test was used; and in qualitative part, content analysis method to study interviews was conducted. <br /> The result shows that level of place attachment is affected by the quality of achieving optimum privacy in student dormitory environments. At the same time, research suggests that person‐environment congruence, or the fit between the environment and the person, could be important in determining privacy needs. If a student believes that there is a match between the environment and the students, then they are, for example, more likely to regulate privacy successfully. It means that when environment provide the appropriate conditions (the fit between the environment and the person) to bring the optimal privacy for the individual, he or she attaches to that environment. so students are successful in regulating their privacy, it has been suggested that they will develop more place attachment. Namely, if students are successful in achieving privacy function, then it is hypothesized that people will become more attached to the place, which in turn is expected to lead to a subjective sense of well‐being.Leaving one’s parental home disrupts place attachment, described as the affective bond or link between one individual and a specific place and/or the people living in that place. In other words, because students move away from their parents, their friend and their hometown, their bonds with these people and their hometown are disrupted. Although moving disrupts place attachment to their hometown, but moving to a new city provides an opportunity for new students to develop new attachments. Students, after accommodation in a student dormitory on the one hand achieve a new experience in communications and interaction with other people and on the other hand, they expect a student dormitory to be such as home and looking for privacy and their private range and personal area. So the satisfaction of student dormitory largely affected by place territory and attainment of desired privacy. Obviously, in this regard, creating favorable conditions for student could formed positive image of the environment, and developed the emotional relation between individual and student residence environment.<br /> Literature has suggested the existence of a relationship between privacy experience and place attachment. Therefore, the current study focuses on the achievement of optimum privacy could affect place attachment. In this respect, in the theoretical section, definitions and different views on the concept of privacy and place attachment are reviewed and then extracted factors which is affecting on both. So, the mechanisms of formation of privacy are investigated and conditions of place attachment in student dormitory are assessed, by the survey which consists of open and closed questions. As well as to evaluate the effect of gender on the results, navigation in dormitories for male and female students was performed. In this connection, three student dormitories of Shiraz University such Rodaki and Velayat_ the girl's student dormitories_ and Shahid-dastgheyb _the boy's student dormitory_ were selected as case studies. After collecting data, data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative analysis, ANOVA analysis of variance, correlation and regression T test was used; and in qualitative part, content analysis method to study interviews was conducted. <br /> The result shows that level of place attachment is affected by the quality of achieving optimum privacy in student dormitory environments. At the same time, research suggests that person‐environment congruence, or the fit between the environment and the person, could be important in determining privacy needs. If a student believes that there is a match between the environment and the students, then they are, for example, more likely to regulate privacy successfully. It means that when environment provide the appropriate conditions (the fit between the environment and the person) to bring the optimal privacy for the individual, he or she attaches to that environment. so students are successful in regulating their privacy, it has been suggested that they will develop more place attachment. Namely, if students are successful in achieving privacy function, then it is hypothesized that people will become more attached to the place, which in turn is expected to lead to a subjective sense of well‐being.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_59674_15766c1071ef3cf7635387137f36ebea.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602020420160121Difficulties and Complexities in Teaching of Structural Concepts in Architectural Process
A Case Study over Architectural Schools in IranDifficulties and Complexities in Teaching of Structural Concepts in Architectural Process
A Case Study over Architectural Schools in Iran87985967510.22059/jfaup.2016.59675FAKatayounTaghizadeAssociate Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, Univrsity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-4613-6977Journal Article20151026Learning and teach are two reciprocal activities that have taken root in human creation history and human civilization owes to formation of such successful interaction relation between learners and teachers. This interaction relation, when is established in organized situations, is called "Teach", consists of "a collection of activities that will be done by teacher in order to simplify or conduction of learning for learners." To set up the learning on cogitation and research, in present situation because of information explosion and lack of opportunity for teachers to gain all of information in their professional field has multiplied importance. So in present period, teacher’s assignment in process of teaching is not just scientific facts: they must prepare desirable condition of learning and teach to students "how to think?" and "how to learn?” Students must habit to independent minding for learning effort. Persuading students to minding and cogitating is the main duty of teachers and efficient teacher is whom one that confronts learners with problems, then forces them to mind about solving of discussed problems. Teaching of Architecture as a part of advanced education is not accepted from this rule. As regards to the graduated architectural students that are not enough successful in practical fields, finding the roots of this problem, conduits structure lectures and us to any of main extents of architectural learning via static. The structure of course, educational contents and headlines of these lessons is any of points discussed about in learning the architectural students. Therefore, in this article I proceed to evaluate the structure and contents of structural lessons and ultimately I'll extract the problems and defects is in the way of this educational system, then will present solutions and motions for adjustment of those problems. It is mentionable that teach of structural lessons in architectural faculties in many countries and in Iran is most theoretical and has not any practical aspect and professional experiences, nowadays. Therefore, the result of such education, in best case, has not any result except of training persons that have high mental capability. Therefore, they cannot afford to practice, and creativity is very low in professional works of graduated architectural students. In traditional societies, especially in Iran, structural teaching is based on man-to-man teaching or master and apprentice method like architecture. This type of education is slow and longsome, face-to-face and practical and in real scale conjugated by effect of professor manner on apprentice. Limitations of traditional societies in several fields and their social conditions were prepare enough leisure for such slow and longsome educating, but coming off the scientific evolutions, in 19th and 20th centuries and after industrial revolution chiefly, educating form has been changed also. Social evolutions caused to change in so many fields such as several levels of education, in Iran. In this article I proceed to evaluate the structure and contents of structural lessons and ultimately I'll extract the problems and defects is in the way of this educational system, then will present solutions for adjustment of those problems.
Learning and teach are two reciprocal activities that have taken root in human creation history and human civilization owes to formation of such successful interaction relation between learners and teachers. This interaction relation, when is established in organized situations, is called "Teach", consists of "a collection of activities that will be done by teacher in order to simplify or conduction of learning for learners." To set up the learning on cogitation and research, in present situation because of information explosion and lack of opportunity for teachers to gain all of information in their professional field has multiplied importance. So in present period, teacher’s assignment in process of teaching is not just scientific facts: they must prepare desirable condition of learning and teach to students "how to think?" and "how to learn?” Students must habit to independent minding for learning effort. Persuading students to minding and cogitating is the main duty of teachers and efficient teacher is whom one that confronts learners with problems, then forces them to mind about solving of discussed problems. Teaching of Architecture as a part of advanced education is not accepted from this rule. As regards to the graduated architectural students that are not enough successful in practical fields, finding the roots of this problem, conduits structure lectures and us to any of main extents of architectural learning via static. The structure of course, educational contents and headlines of these lessons is any of points discussed about in learning the architectural students. Therefore, in this article I proceed to evaluate the structure and contents of structural lessons and ultimately I'll extract the problems and defects is in the way of this educational system, then will present solutions and motions for adjustment of those problems. It is mentionable that teach of structural lessons in architectural faculties in many countries and in Iran is most theoretical and has not any practical aspect and professional experiences, nowadays. Therefore, the result of such education, in best case, has not any result except of training persons that have high mental capability. Therefore, they cannot afford to practice, and creativity is very low in professional works of graduated architectural students. In traditional societies, especially in Iran, structural teaching is based on man-to-man teaching or master and apprentice method like architecture. This type of education is slow and longsome, face-to-face and practical and in real scale conjugated by effect of professor manner on apprentice. Limitations of traditional societies in several fields and their social conditions were prepare enough leisure for such slow and longsome educating, but coming off the scientific evolutions, in 19th and 20th centuries and after industrial revolution chiefly, educating form has been changed also. Social evolutions caused to change in so many fields such as several levels of education, in Iran. In this article I proceed to evaluate the structure and contents of structural lessons and ultimately I'll extract the problems and defects is in the way of this educational system, then will present solutions for adjustment of those problems.
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_59675_a024e85d5bff8ed57f3f252e36db191d.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602020420160121Recognition of Traditional Housing Yazd Principals in Responding to Basic Psychological Needs*
According to the Grounded TheoryRecognition of Traditional Housing Yazd Principals in Responding to Basic Psychological Needs*
According to the Grounded Theory991095967610.22059/jfaup.2016.59676FAMaryamSoleimaniMaster of Architecture, Department of Art and Architecture, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran0000-0003-4655-3498KazemMondegariAssistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture Art, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran0000-0001-8401-1695Journal Article20150527The purpose of research conducted which this paper resulted to acquire the applied knowledge to meet the needs of new housing in accordance with the basic psychological needs of the enriched architectural concepts of the past. This study seeks to address the basic needs of the psychological by relying on the fact that traditional architecture always seeks the protection of human existence. We have tried to evaluate the traditional houses of Yazd to meet basic psychological needs consider that including the need to assert themselves the interactions between the individual and the individual's presence in interactions, that can by recognition of traditional houses to meet the needs in addition to continuing of the architectural values taking is a step in the creation of sustainable living spaces to the psychological needs of its people, and it is creation of contemporary housing quality and promotion in relation to human. The present study is a qualitative approach based on theory rather than deductive method has been made on background. In this method, the researcher was attended in traditional housing Yazd for a year and a half. In addition, deals with parallel to record personal experiences related to the need to review the current depth interviews with residents of these homes. In addition, had tried to deal with during the interview process, the refinement of traditional houses in the city of Yazd meet the basic needs of their psychological. In this study, the researcher to deep study and the possibility of continuous presence in the studied eight of the traditional house which is now used as a department of art and architecture. After in-depth and free interviews with current residents of the traditional housing Yazd, he analyzes the data obtained with a systematic approach that includes open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The results show that traditional housing Yazd by creating the conditions as: “organization of personal domain”, “organization of fixation”, “organization of the individual focus “and “organization social communications” marshal caused phenomena as: 1- personal elbowroom and independence, personal adytum control and confidentiality matching whit needs 2- sensory dependency, homely space and symmetry whit space.3-mental calmness, concentration for thinking, 4-confidentiality hierarchy , filtering and controlling social relative, categorizing kinds of societies, collective union, facilitate and sustain of collective relations. These had results as “psychical security”, “identity”, “puppyish” and “useful social partnership”. Moreover, the results obtained in this study ,strategies used in traditional housing Yazd architecture to meet the needs of the research has been extracted, and can be used in the fields of design, education of students, and restoration of architectural criticism is also referenced. As well as, this research can be followed as a new research for affirming theories obtained in this paper and since research’s results obtained in a qualitative process, can be evaluated as a new hypothesis in a new study. As well as, since research’s results obtained in a qualitative process, can be evaluated as a new hypothesis in a new studyThe purpose of research conducted which this paper resulted to acquire the applied knowledge to meet the needs of new housing in accordance with the basic psychological needs of the enriched architectural concepts of the past. This study seeks to address the basic needs of the psychological by relying on the fact that traditional architecture always seeks the protection of human existence. We have tried to evaluate the traditional houses of Yazd to meet basic psychological needs consider that including the need to assert themselves the interactions between the individual and the individual's presence in interactions, that can by recognition of traditional houses to meet the needs in addition to continuing of the architectural values taking is a step in the creation of sustainable living spaces to the psychological needs of its people, and it is creation of contemporary housing quality and promotion in relation to human. The present study is a qualitative approach based on theory rather than deductive method has been made on background. In this method, the researcher was attended in traditional housing Yazd for a year and a half. In addition, deals with parallel to record personal experiences related to the need to review the current depth interviews with residents of these homes. In addition, had tried to deal with during the interview process, the refinement of traditional houses in the city of Yazd meet the basic needs of their psychological. In this study, the researcher to deep study and the possibility of continuous presence in the studied eight of the traditional house which is now used as a department of art and architecture. After in-depth and free interviews with current residents of the traditional housing Yazd, he analyzes the data obtained with a systematic approach that includes open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The results show that traditional housing Yazd by creating the conditions as: “organization of personal domain”, “organization of fixation”, “organization of the individual focus “and “organization social communications” marshal caused phenomena as: 1- personal elbowroom and independence, personal adytum control and confidentiality matching whit needs 2- sensory dependency, homely space and symmetry whit space.3-mental calmness, concentration for thinking, 4-confidentiality hierarchy , filtering and controlling social relative, categorizing kinds of societies, collective union, facilitate and sustain of collective relations. These had results as “psychical security”, “identity”, “puppyish” and “useful social partnership”. Moreover, the results obtained in this study ,strategies used in traditional housing Yazd architecture to meet the needs of the research has been extracted, and can be used in the fields of design, education of students, and restoration of architectural criticism is also referenced. As well as, this research can be followed as a new research for affirming theories obtained in this paper and since research’s results obtained in a qualitative process, can be evaluated as a new hypothesis in a new study. As well as, since research’s results obtained in a qualitative process, can be evaluated as a new hypothesis in a new studyhttps://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_59676_64f27c764bcdcb67b721b6c797fdbdb8.pdf