دانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602019320141023Aesthetic Experience of Built Environmentتجربهی زیباییشناختی محیط5145539910.22059/jfaup.2014.55399FAجهانشاهپاکزاداستاد دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهرانالههساکیکارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهرانJournal Article20140715<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: small;">Throughout human evolution history, beauty has always been one of the necessary integral components of human need. As Greer (2010) said, “one of the prehistoric human’s responses to the animal life around them was to etch and paint these animals on the walls of their caves. Turning them into art and rendering them beautiful was a natural response - a way to help make sense of a hostile and confusing world”. Likewise, people of old civilizations such as Babylon and Egypt used disciplined arrangements in their settlements structures. And they used concepts such as symmetry, order, harmony and etc. to express beauty in their living environment. This historical effort has been followed till today, which one of the main concerns of environmental design practitioners and theorists, especially in urban design, is creating and designing beautiful urban environments and places for people. In the storyline described, dispute about concept of beauty and its origin has been an ongoing discussion that dates back at least to 2.500 years ago. This storyline also could be seen as a single movement from certainty to doubt which according to Powers (2010) “reflects the growing complexity of the world surrounds us”. Though this evolutionary path has a repetitive oscillation between two polarities of subjectivity and objectivity. So that, according to Reber </span><em><span style="font-size: small;">et al.</span></em><span style="font-size: small;"> (2004) in the former one, which is a rather rational understanding of beauty, aesthetic theorists, dating back at least to Plato, saw beauty as a property of an object that produces a pleasurable experience in any suitable perceiver. This special point of view tries to boil down the essence into formulae and models for further application. While in the latter one, which is a romantic understanding of beauty, theorists, dating back at least to the Sophists, proposed that beauty is based on personal experience and insight. So it can be defined only ‘in the eye of the beholder’. In this point of view, anything could be beautiful if it only pleases human senses and therefore, beauty is not that much open to explanation or proof. Most modern philosophical analyses, however, reject the objective versus subjective distinction and define beauty as a sense which emerges from patterns in the way people and objects relate. Despite frequent use of the concept and different definitions it has, the entity of it, still seems ambiguous. And at least in Iran, there is not a clear understanding of aesthetic experience in knowledge of environmental design. Regarding the importance of beauty in human health and significant role of aesthetic experience on bringing structural changes in the brain, this article, seeks to define aesthetic experience of human. For better understanding of aesthetic experience and its role in the process of perception, we adopt three different perspectives, including biological, cognitive and psychological perspectives. Consequently, we propose that aesthetic experience is caused by a multitude of senses, and beauty is grounded in the processing experiences of the perceiver that emerge from the interaction of stimulus properties and perceivers' cognitive and affective processes. </span></span><span style="line-height: 120%; font-family: 'B Mitra'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt;" lang="FA">در طول تاریخ بشریت، «زیبایی» همواره یکی از اجزای جداییناپذیر نیازهای انسان بوده، به طوری که مناقشه در مورد منشأ این مفهوم قدمتی حداقل 2.500 ساله داشته، مسیر خود را از قطعیت آغاز کرده، به عدم قطعیت منتهی شده و همواره در طیفی میان دو قطب ذهنیت و عینیت در حرکت بوده است؛ بدین صورت که در یک سر این طیف، نظریهپردازان، زیبایی را فارغ از ادراککننده و در پدیدهها میجویند، و در سر دیگرِ طیف، آن را در چشم بیننده دیده و صرفاً مشروط بر خشنودی حواسّ انسانی میپندارند. با نظر به شکلگیری خوانشهای جدیدتر از تجربهی زیباییشناختی، فقدان مطالعات در این حوزه و به خصوص در متون شهرسازی و طراحی شهری در ایران و اهمیت پرداختن به این مهم به لحاظ تأثیری که بر سلامت انسان و کارآیی زیستشناختی وی دارد، نوشتار حاضر سعی داشته با نظر به پدیدهی زیبا و با اتخاذ سه دیدگاه زیستشناختی، ادراکی و روانشناسیِ گشتالت منشأ زیبایی را در ادراککننده پیگیری کند و به دید بالنسبه جامعی از زیبایی و جایگاه آن در فرآیند ادراکی انسان دست یابد. بر این اساس، لذت زیباییشناختی تنها محدود به حسّ بینایی و تظاهر بیرونی شهر نیست، بلکه حاصل تأثیر کلیهی مقاصد طراحی بر حواسّ انسانی است.</span>https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55399_be1d034c8090aa60e1e3b73aacb6a775.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602019320141023Courtyard Lightweight Roofs for Historical Buildings in Iran; Analyzing the Current Samples and Proposing Design Guide Modelsپوششهای سبک برای حیاط مرکزی ابنیهی تاریخی ایران؛ نقد وضع موجود و ارائهی الگوهای پیشنهادی15285540010.22059/jfaup.2014.55400FAمحمد رضامتینیمدرس دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20140726<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are several courtyards of historical buildings in Iran that have changed their original function because of reuse and have adopted for physical adjustments of the renovation projects. Usually they are covered by lightweight roofs</span><span style="font-size: medium;">and have been used as religious spaces, praying or audience halls, restaurants, exhibitions rooms, etc. Unfortunately most of these lightweight roofs have inappropriate design or environmental</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: medium;">problems.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In some cases they have damaged the building's walls, floors or finishing by their imprecise details. The roofs that were permanent and not temporarily erected and removed have unfortunately changed the role of an open central courtyard of the Iranian architecture. This paper tried to investigate an appropriate design for a lightweight roof of historical building courtyard in Iran. The research began with a short study about historical background of lightweight roofs in Iran. The second part of the paper is the study of different examples of the recent lightweight roofs of the courtyards in Iran that were constructed in buildings such as mosques or houses. There are three types of lightweight structures of the surveyed courtyards: a) scaffolding structures, b) truss structures, and c) tent structures. These roofs are analyzed by five key factors: structural quality, environmental comfort, details, physical impacts on the building and visual appearance in the interior spaces. The third part of the paper is about the study of remarkable world experiences of convertible membrane roofs for courtyards of historical buildings. Our selection is based on importance of the designer of the roof or the building itself or numerous citations of such structure. Physical contact between these kinds of roofs and the buildings is crucial. Therefore these roofs are categorized into four types: a) Roofs that the contact point of their elements are outside of the buildings, b) on top of the roof, c) tresses from wall, and d) placed inside the courtyard. These roofs are analyzed by three key factors: movement specifications of the roof, construction details and visual appearance in the interior spaces. </span></span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium;">At the end of the second and third parts of the paper the roofs that were not harmonized or could not adapt with geometrical and physical aspects of Iranian Historic courtyards were eliminated.</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the fourth part of the paper the design guides for erective and removable or convertible roofs were proposed. These guides were categorized based on the analysis of the Iranian and world experiences. At first, different design guides for lightweight roofs that can be easily erected and removed were represented in a table.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Second, different design guides for convertible lightweight roofs based on the world experiences were presented in another table. What is presented in this paper as design guide model of erected and removed or convertible roofs had mainly focused on the geometrical aspects and main construction elements of these lightweight roofs that can be adapted with Iranian historical courtyards. The mechanical and technical aspects and appropriate details of these roofs are the future trend of the research.</span></span>حیاط مرکزی بسیاری از ابنیهی تاریخی کشورمان در حال حاضر بهدلیل اعطای عملکردهای نوین و یا گسترش فضاهای جمعی در حیاط نمونه<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>های باززندهسازی شده، با سقف<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>هایی سبک پوشیده شدهاند که اغلب دارای جزییاتی ضعیف، اجرایی نامناسب و منظری نازیبا هستند و به دلیل عدم امکان برچیده<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>شدن آسان و سریع، جایگاه و مفهوم معماری درونگرا با حیاط<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>های باز مرکزی را از بین برده<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>اند. این مقاله در ابتدا بهشکلی اجمالی سابقهی پوشش<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>های سبک در فضاهای باز و حیاط<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>های مرکزی بناهای کشورمان را معرفی می<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>کند. سپس به بررسی، آسیب<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>شناسی و تحلیل چند نمونهی داخلی و پس از آن به معرفی و بررسی چند نمونهی موفق بین<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>المللی می پردازد. سپس از بین تجارب بررسی شده جنبه<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>های هماهنگ با خصوصیات کالبدی و فرمی ابنیهی تاریخی ما با اضافه نمودن پارامترهایی تکمیل و به نمونه<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>هایی گسترده و متنوعتر تعمیم داده می<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>شوند. این نمونه<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>ها بهصورت الگوهای طراحی پوشش<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>های سبک برای حیاط مرکزی ابنیهی تاریخی ایران در جداول تحلیلی ارائه می<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>شوند. این الگوها توسط تصاویری که معرف طرح کلی ساختاری و هندسی این پوششها میباشند در جداول آمدهاند. پیشنهاداتی که از تحلیل و بررسی نمونه<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>های داخلی بهدست میآیند به الگوهای قابل برپایی و برچیدن پرداخته و پیشنهادات دیگر، الگوهای پوشش<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span>های تغییرپذیر را معرفی می کنند.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55400_9098241016a4e6a10d56ae03435038fc.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602019320141023Feasibility Study of Using Double Skin Façade in Architectural Design of Hot-Dry Climate of Iran, in order to Save Energy (Case Study Yazd City)ظرفیتسنجی بهکارگیری پوستههای دوجداره در طراحی معماری اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران به منظور کاهش مصرف انرژی (نمونه موردی شهر یزد)29385540110.22059/jfaup.2014.55401FAمحمدهادیانپورپژوهشگر دوره دکتری معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهرانمحمدجوادمهدوینژاددانشیار دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران0000-0002-6454-6518محمدرضابمانیاناستاد دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهرانمحمدحقشناسپژوهشگر دوره دکتری معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهرانJournal Article20140708<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Designing an efficient skin for the building can minimize winter heat loss and summer heat gain. Double skin façade (DSF) is a good device for achieving such a goal; but its summer overheating is a problem for using it, especially in hot-dry climates such as Iran plateau. In this study, after reviewing state of the art strategies for cooling façade cavity, the effect of using some of them (such as changing size of the vents and depth of the DSF cavity) in reducing the danger of DSF overheating, in the Yazd City (Iran), is studied. First of all, the effect of using façade vents was analyzed by comparing two models: one had an unventilated DSF and the other (with the same size of DSF) had seven 200 mm<sup>2</sup> inlet and outlet vents. The results showed that the ventilated DSF model had better performance (in reducing overheating) than the unventilated one. Then, effect of changing size of the vents in reducing overheating was analyzed. Ventilated DSFs with different vents areas including 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm<sup>2</sup> were compared. The studies were carried out in three situations:</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">1- Changing the size of inlet and outlet vent simultaneously,</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">2- Assuming inlet vent constant (=200 mm<sup>2</sup>) and changing the outlet vent area,</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">3- Assuming outlet vent constant (=200 mm<sup>2</sup>) and changing the inlet vent area.</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The best results were acquired by assuming 50 mm<sup>2</sup> area for inlet vent and 200 mm<sup>2</sup> area for outlet. Then, the effect of changing the cavity depth in reducing overheating was analyzed. Ventilated DSFs (with 50 mm<sup>2</sup> inlet and 200 mm2 outlet vents) with 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mm cavity depth were compared. All models had 2400 mm cavity height. The results showed that the model with 600 mm cavity depth had the lowest temperature and the highest wind speed. At the end of this part of study, the following results were acquired:</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">• The ratio between Input to output vent size should be 1 to 4.</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">• Input and output vents should have the maximum possible.</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">• The ratio between cavity depth to its height should be 1 to 4.</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">• By using the above strategies, cavity temperature can be lower by 18.8 °<sup>C</sup> in warm months of the year.</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Finally, in order to validate the results of previous parts, an improved model (equipped with the best strategies from the previous part), a model equipped with normal DSF, and a model without DSF was compared by using Design-builder simulation. The results showed that in cold months, energy consumption of the models with DSF was about 18% lower than the one without it. Also the results showed that using the strategies presented in this paper not only prevents overheating in the DSF cavity, but also can cool off the whole building. The total amount of energy consumption in the improved model was about 10% (14.4 KWh/m<sup>2</sup>) lower than the model without DSF. This showed the good potential of using double skin façades even in hot-dry climate of Iran.</span>نماهای دو پوسته راهکاری مناسب برای به حداقل رساندن دفع گرما در زمستان و جذب گرما در تابستان هستند؛ اما مسئلة برافروختگی در حفرة بین دو پوسته در ماههای گرم سال، از چالشهای استفاده از این سیستم در اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران است. در این پژوهش برای حل مشکل فوق، تأثیر تغییر اندازة دریچههای تهویه و تغییر عمق حفرة بین دو پوسته را بر کاهش برافروختگی مدلی واقع در شهر یزد، با استفاده از روش شبیهسازی <span style="font-family: Calibri;">CFD</span> (دینامیک سیالات محاسباتی) در نرمافزار فلوئنت، بررسی کردهایم. در این بررسی مشخص شد استفادة مناسب از راهکارهای ارائه شده، میتواند دمای داخل حفره را در ماههای گرم سال بهصورت میانگین تا 18.8 درجة سلسیوس کاهش دهد. بهمنظور اعتبارسنجی نتایج بهدست آمده از نرمافزار فلوئنت، یک اتاقک دارای نمای دوپوستة بهبودیافته (مجهزشده به بهترین نتایج محاسبات قبلی) با اتاقکی دارای نمای دو پوستة عادی و اتاقکی فاقد نمای دوپوسته در نرمافزار <span style="font-family: Calibri;">Design builder</span> شبیهسازی شدند. نتایج حاکی از آن بود که مقدار کل مصرف انرژی اتاقک دارای پوستة دوجدارة بهبودیافته، <span style="font-family: Calibri;">kwh/m<sup>2</sup></span> 14.4 از مدل بدون پوستة دوجداره کمتر است. این موضوع پتانسیل بالای استفاده از این نوع پوستهها را در کاهش مصرف انرژی ساختمانی واقع در اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران نشان میدهد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55401_2b5d0836533f206f6055ba9f4b135b87.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602019320141023Developing a set of site location criteria for mosques
within the urban land use frameworkکاوشی در نظام مساجد در کاربری زمین شهر و استخراج معیارهای مکانگزینی آن39525540310.22059/jfaup.2014.55403FAفرشادنوریاندانشیار دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0003-2286-9738حجت الاسلام محمدحسینالهی زادهاستاد، مدرسه عالیه نواب، مشهد،خراسانمحمدمهدیعبدالهی ثابتدانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری ،دانشگاه تربیت مدرس،تهرانJournal Article20140715<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mosques, for many centuries, had been the most physically visible as well as the major symbolic structure of Iranian cities.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">This highlights the fact that mosques have had a major role to play in city development.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The importance of mosque in shaping the central districts of cities was such that their façade was considered as a monument or a landmark, attracting all attention – from residents and citizens to strangers and travelers - to it.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Furthermore, the level of civility of a city was tied to the presence of a central mosque, i.e. the settlement was not considered to be a city unless it had a central mosque within it; no matter how dense and compact or dispersed it was.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Also, in terms of city growth, the direction of growth was determined by the mosque’s development.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The lesser mosques also played a role in defining the neighborhoods’ centers as a major element.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The recent studies, however, point to the fact that, due to cultural detachment and identity crisis within the Iranian society during the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty, the link between the city and mosque has faded.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">A turn toward modernist street designs, neighborhood identity no longer exists, and for that matter, mosques have lost their past role in being the central place within neighborhoods.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">After the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, one would have expected to see the prominence of mosques within neighborhoods. However, although mosques have had a major social and political role in the years during and after the Islamic Revolution in Iran and during the Iraqi-imposed war during the 1980s, their proper site selection has been mostly neglected.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In this paper, we attempt to answer the questions on the possibility of defining the system within which the mosques follow in urban land use planning.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The literature on site selection for various land uses has its roots in the Western schools and, therefore, hardly has references to site selection for mosques. Therefore, here, the criteria for site selection and design of mosques are mostly derived and determined based on the Quranic teachings, using the thematic thought method.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">We first review the design principles of the Grand Mosque of Medina built by the Prophet of Islam (pbuh) and the changes which took place during different periods after him.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Here, the role of mosque in a civil society based on the Isfahan School - which is considered as the apex of the Islamic architecture and urban planning in Iran’s history - is also discussed.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Next, a number of interviews with Islamic scholars are conducted to identify the site selection as well as the urban design criteria and to draft the implementation guidelines for physical design and construction of the mosques.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The criteria for site selection within the subject of urban planning include hierarchy, centrality, territory, accessibility, density, and the direction toward Qiblah in Mecca.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The principles of unity, focus, and simplicity are considered as urban design criteria.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">The principle of “first structure” is presented as the implementation parameter.</span></span>
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">مسجد بارزترین و نمادی ترین بنای شهر به شمار می رفته است. </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">اهمیت مسجد در برخی دورانها تا بدان جاست که مدنیت شهر در قلمرو حکومت اسلامی درگرو وجود مسجد جامع در آن شهر بوده است. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">به علاوه، عنصر محوری مراکز محلات همواره مساجد محله بوده اند. </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">با این حال، طی سده اخیر، اتصال و پیوند مسجد با شهر در مسیر تکاملی شهرسازی آن از دست رفته و مکانگزینی درخور مقام و جایگاهش را در جامعه امروز ایران نیافته است. در این مقاله، بامروری بر اصول طراحی مسجدالنبی و تحولات مسجد پس از آن در دورانهای مختلف، نقش مسجد مکتب اصفهان در حیات شهری مورد بررسی قرارگفته و با مصاحبه با صاحبنظران اسلامی به معیارهای مکانی مسجد پرداخته شده است. این پژوهش سعی خود را مصروف در تدوین معیارها و شاخص های مکانی مسجد به منظور کارآیی در برنامه ریزی کاربری زمین، نیز شاخص های طراحی شهری و ملاحظات اجرایی در طراحی کالبدی و ساخت بنای مسجد دارد. در ادامه، اصول سلسه مراتب، مرکزیت، قلمرو، دسترسی، تجمع، قبله به عنوان معیارهای برنامه ریزی شهری و اصول وحدت، تمرکز، تفوق و سادگی را در قالب شاخص های طراحی شهری و اصل نخستین بنا را در چارچوب ملاحظات اجرایی پیشنهاد می دهد.</span>https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55403_83a604f876647248031fccb61ece6012.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602019320141023Analysis of opportunities and challenges of development of city diplomacy in Tehran metropolisتحلیل فرصتها و چالشهای توسعه دیپلماسی شهری در کلانشهرتهران53665540410.22059/jfaup.2014.55404FAمیثمبصیرتاستادیار شهرسازی، دانشکده شهرسازی، دانشگاه تهران0000-0001-9184-6500سید مصطفیجلیلیکارشناس ارشد مدیریت شهری، دانشکده شهرسازی، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20140715Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity. The aspects of globalization can be classified in four dimensions: social and cultural globalization, economic globalization, political globalization and globalization of law. A review of recent urban and regional studies shows that these studies has affected from globalization literature in past three decades after the universal use of global/world city term.
One of the main changes made in this area is increasing importance achieving of city diplomacy as a new type of diplomacy. City diplomacy is the tool of local governments and their associations to help local governments in conflict and war by means of concrete and practical city-to-city cooperation with the aim of creating a stable environment in which the citizens can live together in peace, democracy and prosperity.
Furthermore, playing an active and effective role in city diplomacy field leads to achieve sustainable interests for Tehran in order to overcome predominant restrictions in urban planning and urban management system in Iran. Some of these sustainable interests are feasibility of international experience, technical and financial exchange, reducing inappropriate impacts of international institute's decisions and policies on Tehran and Iran, increasing possibility of bargaining and achieving some concessions in international organizations.
This paper is based on secondary analysis and meta-analysis shows that although Tehran has some opportunities like establishment of some international institute's offices in Tehran, having sister-city relationships with a number of cities around the world, presence in some international institutes of urban development and at last its geopolitical importance and particular position in regional relations, it couldn't reach to an appropriate position in city diplomacy field so far, due to some restrictions and limitations such as political challenges and foreign affairs in governmental scale, lack of institutional and professional framework for development in city diplomacy field in addition to lack of necessary infrastructures and software facilities.
The paper shows that because of the resistance and unwillingness of Iran central government to play a more active role in the global domain, policy making to achieve a better situation for Tehran in the global system has been ignored for years.
This research describes that even non-global cities need a clear and integrated urban governance and city diplomacy strategy to play a more effective role in global era to maximize the positive effects and minimize the negative impacts of globalization. It shows that ignoring city diplomacy capacities leads to a loss of opportunities that will bring a huge flow of globalization.On top of them are enhancing the urban competitiveness and the ability to play a more active role in city diplomacy domain. So, even non-global cities can also be proactive and use constructive policy to gain globalization process positive effects as opportunities to exploit the realization of sustainable urban development. Because of this, the paper presents some policy recommendations that can help Tehran to achieve a more active role in global domain and city diplomacy area.فرآیند جهانی شدن، ابعاد و پیامدهای آن بیش از سه دهه است که در حوزههای مختلف موضوعی و در سطوح مختلف شهری، به کانون بحثهای محققان علوم شهری بدل گشته و موجب شکلگیری پاسخها و نظریات جدیدی در حوزههای مختلف سیاستگذاری شهری شده است. یکی از تحولات حاصل شده در این عرصه، اهمیت یافتن دیپلماسی شهری، به عنوان گونهای نوین از اشکال دیپلماسی است. بررسیهای مقاله حاضر که با تکیه بر روش تحلیل دادههای ثانویه و روش فراتحلیل انجام پذیرفته، نشان میدهد تهران با وجود فرصتهایی چون روابط خواهرخواندگی با تعدادی از شهرهای جهان، حضور در برخی از نهادهای بین المللی حوزه توسعه شهری و موقعیت ژئوپلیتیک و جایگاه ویژه آن در روابط منطقهای، به سبب موانع مختلفی چون چالشهای سیاسی برخاسته از سطح ملی، فقدان چارچوب نهادی لازم در حوزه توسعه دیپلماسی شهری و نیز آماده نبودن زیرساختها و شرایط نرم افزاری لازم، تاکنون نتوانسته است به جایگاهی درخور در عرصه دیپلماسی شهری دست یابد. این در حالی است که تحقق نقشآفرینی فعال تهران در عصر دیپلماسی شهری میتواند منافع پایداری را چون امکان پذیرشدن تبادل تجارب و دریافت کمکهای فنی و مالی، کاهش تأثیرات نامطلوب تصمیمات و سیاستهای نهادهای فراملی، افزایش امکان چانهزنی و کسب امتیاز در سازمانهای بینالمللی به منظور برونرفت از محدودیتهای حاکم بر نظام برنامهریزی و مدیریت شهری به ارمغان آورد.
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span>https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55404_c287d2167082ac0f0454880646db04b3.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602019320141023Recognition of the Dignity of the Blue Mosque in Tabriz Cityبازشناسی منزلت مسجد کبود در ساختار شهر تبریز67745540610.22059/jfaup.2014.55406FAعیسیحجتاستاد دانشکدة معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانپیماننصیری نیادانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی معماری، دانشکدة معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20140623<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Mitra'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Blue Mosque, one of the valuable architectural elements of Tabriz city, known as the Turquoise of Islamic world, has high status among the people of the city, also among domestic and foreign historians and travelers, ever since its establishment. The Blue Mosque has always played a dynamic role in Tabriz’s continuum of urban life and provides a proper setting for social interactions. Up to early in this century, the Blue Mosque, despite numerous damages and demolitions, had its privileged place in the city, until the large-scale interventions, which took place during the First Pahlavi’s era and changed the face of the city forever. These changes created the phenomenon problems associated with the ancient city structure, which unstable the role of many historic elements.The emergence of new urban relations contrasts with the spatial structure of the old city. These new elements, in Iran’s cities, appear different from their true nature, and remain this way until today. This modernization of the cities happened at a time that they did not have the actual conditions of an industrial city or even took the transition phase to modernism or had and understanding of the first principles of this evolution. These changes only imitate the underlying principles of modernization and in practice reject the old continuum of the city. The purpose of this study is to obtain a solution to recover the lost dignity of the Blue Mosque in Tabriz’s urban life and restore its rightful place among the few monuments that have remained; because during the earthquakes and wars, many of the monuments in city have been destroyed which make it necessary to protect the remaining historic elements. Therefore, to achieve this goal, the historic maps and documents of Tabriz city have been analyze, by historic –interpretive methods and by interviewing knowledgeable and expert people. On the other hand, field studies and information gathered from local residents helped to analyze the current situation. This paper, at first provides a comprehensive understanding of the origins of the formation of the Blue Mosque and the reports of the domestic and foreign historians and travelers. Then the position of the Blue Mosque in the continuum of urban life, in different historical periods, based on historical documents and maps will be analyze. Continuing with the analysis of the current situation of the Blue Mosque in its context, the damages and their reasons will be express. Also, by providing the detailed map of the approved plan for the area, the strengths and weaknesses of the project will be discuss in relation to the Blue Mosque. Finally, by analyzing the historical status of the Blue Mosque in the continuum of the old city of Tabriz and the factors which affecting them, it offers the ideal solution for restoring the Blue Mosque with the quality associated with cultural-historical axis where once was the path of the Silk Road. This is an effort in order to recover the historical identity of the mosque, the fabric and the city of Tabriz.</span></span><span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Mitra'; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 98WIN_MitraB; mso-hansi-font-family: 98WIN_MitraB; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA">مسجد کبود از آثار ارزشمند تبریز است که از دیرباز جایگاه والایی در میان مردم شهر و رهگذران داشته است. این مسجدعضوی اززنجیرة حیات شهر کهن بوده که بستری را برای مراودات و تعاملات اجتماعی فراهم میآورد و در دوران پهلوی باشکلگیری تغییرات جدید شهری، این جایگاه دستخوش تغییرات اساسی گشت. هدف از این پژوهش، حصول راهکاری در جهت بازیابی منزلت از دست رفتة مسجد کبود در زنجیرة حیات شهری تبریز است؛ از این رو با استفاده از راهبرد تحقیق تفسیری، نقشههای تاریخی تبریز و اسناد مرتبط با آن مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. مقالة حاضر در ابتدا شناختی از مسجد کبود و ریشههای شکل گیری آن ارائه میدهد، سپس به تحلیل جایگاه آن در زنجیره و ساختار حیات شهری در ادوار مختلف تاریخی پرداخته و در ادامه با بررسی وضعیت کنونی مسجد کبود در بافت شهر، نارساییهای پدید آمده را بیان میدارد. سرانجام راهکار احیای مطلوب مسجد کبودبا توجه به کیفیت تاریخی شهر و در ارتباط با محور تاریخی- فرهنگی تبریز در آن دیده شد که با ایجاد گشایشی نمادین در پیشگاه مسجد کبود به عنوان فضای شهری، که محل گذار جادة ابریشم بوده، سعی در بازیابی هویت تاریخی مسجد، بافت و شهر تبریز گردد.</span>
<span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: 'B Mitra'; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 98WIN_MitraB; mso-hansi-font-family: 98WIN_MitraB; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA"> </span>https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55406_e31fff025a1875dea52368d8368f27af.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602019320141023Analysis of the Physical Sense of Place in the Traditional Houses and Modern Residential Apartmentsتحلیل بعد کالبدی حس تعلق به مکان در خانههای سنتی و مجتمعهای مسکونی امروزی75865540910.22059/jfaup.2014.55409FAعلی اکبرحیدریدکتری معماری، عضو هیئت علمی دانشکده فنی مهندسی دانشگاه یاسوج0000-0002-2188-1850قاسممطلبیاستادیار و عضو هیئت علمی دانشکده معماری پردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهران0000-0002-3495-7498فروغنگین تاجیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد معماری دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد یاسوجJournal Article20130922<span style="font-size: medium;">This paper is a research conducted based on the basic question that why house belonging is removed from today houses. Answer of this question will further demonstrate more importance and necessity of such studies compared with previous studies. This is because addressing such studies plays an important role in recognition of the principles of traditional architecture while modern designers and architects can use these principles to improve physical sense of place for residents of today's residential complexes as the dominant paradigm of contemporary urban housing. </span>
<span style="font-size: medium;">In order to answer this question ( why house belonging is removed from today houses ), some case samples of traditional houses with inhabitants and new residential complexes of Shiraz city were chosen and compared.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Accordingly, document and field research methods were used</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">in this study to collect data from various view point of</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">residents by the questionnaires representing features such as shape, size, texture, decoration and relationships as the physical layout of each house. Next, the questionnaires were tested and analyzed. First, based on obtained data it was concluded that the rate of the sense of belonging to house is more in traditional houses than modern complexes. Next, in order to understand the aspects of this sense of belonging to house , the main characteristic of a sense of belonging to a house in terms of traditional houses and new residential complexes , i.e. structural elements of the house with its main features, were investigated. In this study, the most important physical factors ( diagnostic criteria for a house ), which included the shape and size of elements, relationships, arrangement, context and ornaments were tested. The obtained results showed that the physical sense of place in the traditional house is more than that of obtained in the new complexes.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">This sense of belonging to place is more represented in the two features of shape and size of elements (including the size and shape of the yard, porch or portico, skylight and windows ), context and decoration (including items such as yard decorations, building decorating and interior decoration ) in the traditional houses. But the feature of relationships and arrangement (including access to other living spaces in the house and access to the street where the house is located) in the new residential complexes has a higher mean when compared with traditional houses.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Finally, according to the obtained results, people who live in new residential complexes want to consider the characteristics of traditional houses like increased area of courtyard or terrace, increased external and internal decoration of the house, increased size of hallways and decreased residential units within complex integrated design. Therefore, in new complexes, contemporary designers and architects can identify these features in the new apartments by considering the financial situation and options for residents of a house based on the fusion of traditional and modern architecture for contemporary residential design. Designs based on traditional houses and by considering the characteristics mentioned above will increase sense of physical belonging of residents to their houses.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'B Mitra'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA">مقاله حاضر با طرح این پرسش که چرا رنگ تعلق از چهره خانههای امروزی برگرفته شده است، آغاز میگردد. برای پاسخ به این سوال، نمونههایی از خانههای سنتی دارای سکنه و مجتمعهای مسکونی جدید در شهر شیراز انتخاب شدند. با روش بررسی های اسنادی و میدانی، دیدگاههای مختلف ساکنین خانهها طی پرسشنامههایی در حیطه عناصر کالبدی حس تعلق مکان جمع آوری گردید و با نرم افزار </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA">(</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;" dir="LTR">spss</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA">)</span><span style="font-family: 'B Mitra'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA"> تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که حس تعلق کالبدی مکان در خانههای سنتی در مقایسه با مجتمعهای جدید بیشتر است. این تعلق در عناصر کالبدی، در دو ویژگی <em>شکل و اندازه عناصر</em> (شامل؛ شکل و اندازه حیاط، شکل و اندازه ایوان یا سردر، نورگیری و شکل در و پنجره) و <em>بافت و تزئینات</em> (شامل؛ تزئینات حیاط، نما و فضای داخل) در خانههای سنتی بیشتر نمود مییابد. اما ویژگی <em>روابط و چیدمان</em> (شامل؛ دسترسی از نشیمن به سایر فضاهای خانه و دسترسی از خیابانی که خانه در آن قرار دارد به محیط داخل خانه) در مجتمعهای مسکونی جدید دارای میانگین بالاتری نسبت به خانههای سنتی است. نهایتاً این نتیجه حاصل آمد که در مجتمعهای جدید، با الگو برداری از خانههای سنتی و با در نظر گرفتن حیاط و تزئینات درون و برون، میتوان احساس تعلق کالبدی ساکنین را افزایش داد.</span>
<span style="font-family: 'B Mitra'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA"> </span>https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55409_e95ea3a837c97bc7903bd611ae2abb94.pdfدانشگاه تهران
دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبانشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602019320141023handcrafts - personal experience
Learning by doing in architectural design education«دست ساختهها ـ تجربه شخصی» یادگیری از راه ساختن در آموزش معماری87965541110.22059/jfaup.2014.55411FAمحمدفرضیاندکترای معماری، استادیار دانشکده معماری پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانعاطفهکرباسیدکترای معماری، استادیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهرانJournal Article20140715<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium;">One of the important concerns among the educators of architecture is the enhancement of education. Towards that goal, this paper relies on literature review, and methods of deductive reasoning and field study. In the field of educational psychology, teacher- centered learning has been complemented by student- centered learning method in which exploratory learning and learning through group discussion are regarded as two instrumental means for enhancement of learning. One of the techniques common to these learning means is the introduction of the problem by the learner, and then involvement in solving the problem at hand by means of mental (and/or manual) activity, and also dialogue with peers and the tutor through to the solution. This method is also true for (design and) construction processes in real world practice of architecture.</span>
The present paper draws heavily on a close study of an educational experience within the framework of a course entitled "introduction to construction procedures”.
To benefit from exploratory hearing and group discussion methods, exercise were devised for students of architecture. In accordance with the above mentioned educational approach, each student should follow the following course of action; they should devise their own design problem personally, identify the design constraints, and they should sort out proper solution to overcome those constraints, thrash mental and manual involvement with the problem solving process. In order to help students to find their way through the course of action, a sample design problem which had been solved and further crafted by an experienced tutor, or an expert designer, is introduced and analyzed in an early session of the course. In order for the students to have a close idea at the subtleties of the designing or making process, they were assigned to refer to <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium;">their past memories and introduce an object that they had made, repaired, or dismantled/overhauled. They were required to explain the whole processing from the emergence of their problem through to their final solution, to their fellow students and the tutor. This assignment or exercise is called "handcrafts - personal experience".</span>
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: medium;"> </span>Every student's presentation, verbal and visual, is subjected to group discussion to throw light to the subtleties of making and designing procedures and to articulate the effects of design decisions on construction strategies as well as those of construction subtle difficulties on design propositions.
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: medium;">This paper investigates the exercise in the light of the aforesaid theories, the tutor's observations, and students' survey. Results show that this exercise is in line with student-centered learning views and combines exploratory learning with learning through group discussion. Practicality, personal and exploratory nature of the exercise, the guiding role of the tutor, and cooperation of fellow students are correspondingly in </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">agreement with Dewey, Piaget, and Vygotsky's theories of learning. Moreover, manual and experiential nature of the task is congruent with Kolb's thoughts on learning.</span></span>
Having drawn a theoretical perspective of the educational experience, the paper concludes with an emphasis on the necessity of such exercises which require students to strive for solving a design problem through engagement in crafting the solution<span style="font-family: 'B Mitra'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'B Lotus'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'B Lotus';" lang="AR-SA">امروزه یکی از دغدغههای مهم مدرسان معماری افزایش کیفیت آموزش است. جهت نیل به این هدف، مقاله با روش استدلالی، استنباطی از خلال مطالعات کتابخانه ای و تحقیقی میدانی، به معرفی سمت و سویی جهت افزایش کیفیت آموزش معماری میپردازد که در آن بر اهمیت «ساختن» در یادگیری تأکید شده است. رجوع به مبانی روانشناسی پرورشی با معرفی آموزش «یادگیرنده محور» در تکمیل روش «معلم محور» نشان میدهد کیفیت آموزش با روشهایی چون «یادگیری اکتشافی» افزایش مییابد. از جمله ابزارهای این یادگیری، طرح صورت مسأله توسط یادگیرنده و تلاش در جهت حل آن از طریق ساختن است که با فرایند ساخت در حرفة معماری نیز همخوانی دارد. به کارگیری این روش در مدرسة معماری، مستلزم طرح تمرینهایی عملی برای هر دانشجو به طور شخصی است؛ چنانکه او از طریق کار با دست یا ساختن، در حین نیل به راه حل نهایی، مسایل طول مسیر را از طریق ساختن، هم دریابد و هم حل کند. </span><span style="font-family: 'B Mitra'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: FA;" lang="FA">یکی از مدرسان معماری بعد از سالها تجربه، دست به طراحی و اجرای تمرین «دستساختهها ـ تجربة شخصی» زده که بازخوانی آن با تکیه بر مبانی فوق نشان میدهد تمرین پشتوانة خوبی برای مهارتهایی است که دانشجو با ورود به بازار حرفه ای معماری، بدانها نیازمند است. </span>https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55411_5f5550d8d26b01e4455ce5fce97852ee.pdf