موسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602018شماره 420131222Finding Some Strategies for Encouraging People to Cooperate in Urban Renovation Plans Based on the Game Theoryیافتن راهکارهایی برای جلب مشارکت مردم در طرحهای مرمت شهری بر پایهی نظریه بازی5145167710.22059/jfaup.2013.51677FAسید محسنحبیبیاستاد دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایرانمهرانفروغی فرکارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20140928Urban planning has been done by different approaches but, a major procedure can be seen that is conversion of Top-down planning idea to Bottom-up planning idea that needs participation and cooperation of people in planning. This idea can be seen frequently in contemporary renovation plans in Iran too. In that regard, one of the most important factors in urban renovation plans is being supported by residents and encouraging them to cooperate. Achieving this goal can affect the renovation process and make economic benefits. Cooperation in urban renovation plans leads to sustainability and stability in urban fabric and its users. Cooperation and trying to improve living area can create stronger identity and sense of belonging between people and their neighbor that tends to improved life quality beside reduced renovation costs. But, how to encourage the residents to cooperate is a goal that this paper tries to reach on the base of game theory and understanding cooperators behavior. Game theory provides general mathematical techniques for analyzing situations in which two or more individuals make decisions that will influence one another`s welfare. In this way, this paper discusses the game theory and the prisoner’s dilemma game, and using a tow section model of this game to shows the way people cooperate in tow section cooperation and also shows possible conditions for cooperation. In the next step, it studies two experiences in this field: First, the renovation plan for the central part of Mashhad as one of the most important renovation plans in Iran which considered the residents’ satisfaction and participation as one of its main goals, although it almost failed to encourage them to cooperate. And the second, the renovation plan for Oudlajan bazaar in Tehran as a plan that succeeds to encourage residents to cooperate. Then it compares the results of these two cases and the results of prisoner`s dilemma model to find the best way to encourage people for cooperation. The comparison shows that The prisoner`s dilemma model is closer to the Oudlajan experience (the relatively successful case). The results shows that a complete cooperation needs a shared space that people and government can interact and play their roles in there, and also shows that the most encouraging factor for people to cooperate is to provide their benefits in cooperation process, But it should be noted that there are some factors, like using social mechanisms that can reduce the impact of economy factor somewhat. It shows that involving people from the beginning (decision making), let them trust well because, there is no risk in this section. People in a cooperation need time to make a decision and they use different strategies in this way that almost is based on other cooperators decisions and their experiences. A cooperation process should be done in different sections and the last section should not be demonstrated to people. It should be noted that none of the experiences used game theory as a basic theory for their planning process.<br /> <br />چکیده<br />جلب حمایت و مشارکت افراد در طرحهای مرمت شهری، عامل مهمی است که دستیابی به آن میتواند تاثیر زیادی در روند انجام طرحها و صرفهجوییهای اقتصادی پیرامون آنها داشته باشد. اما نحوهی جلب مشارکت مردم در این فرآیند، مسالهای است که این مقاله تلاش دارد تا با اتکا بر نظریه بازی و درک رفتار مردم در این زمینه، به آن دست یابد. در این رابطه، ابتدا طرح بهسازی و نوسازی بافت پیرامون حرم مطهر امام رضا (ع) بهعنوان یکی از بزرگترین و مهمترین طرحهای نوسازی در ایران، با هدف نشان دادن نمونهای (عموماً) ناموفق در جلب مشارکت مالکان مورد بررسی قرار میگیرد و سپس به طرح مرمت بازار عودلاجان تهران بهعنوان طرحی با رویکرد مشارکت همکارانه و نسبتاً موفق در این زمینه پرداخته میشود. نتایج حاصل نشان میدهد که مشارکت، نیازمند فضایی برای تعامل رودررو است و نشان میدهد که مهمترین عامل ترغیبکننده به مشارکت، تامین سود (مادی یا غیرمادی) حاصل از مشارکت میباشد. در انتها مشخص میشود که فضای مورد نیاز برای جلب مشارکت افراد، چگونه فضایی باید باشد و همچنین درنهایت راهکارهایی برای دستیابی به مشارکت در طرحهای مرمتی ارائه میگردد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_51677_3029c3839a1c5fc6724b81c8723341a7.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602018شماره 420131222Walk Ability Criteria
The Role of Walk Ability in Improving the Sense of Placeسنجه های (پیاده پذیری )نقش پیاده راهسازی در بهبود حس مکان15245167810.22059/jfaup.2013.51678FAمحمودرضایی*استادیار دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران.Journal Article20140928Abstract <br />After modern age, car dominance on the urban spaces has reduced the walk ability and sense of place for pedestrians. Non pedestrians, somehow, are travelling in placeless cities as well. The ways that people appear and behave in streets, plazas and other urban places are now challengeable. The concept and meaning of the place is changed by inappropriate articulation of pedestrian and non-pedestrian and consequently the physical, social and perceptual values of the place are threatened. The main research question in this article is about the correlation between walk ability and the sense of place. Which qualitative indicators and criteria can be adopted for walk ability evaluation based on the sense of place? The research methodology is qualitative and exploratory. First, the extensive principals of walk ability and sense of place in urban design are reviewed. Then walk ability principals are sorted based on the aspects of the sense of place. Indicators for improving the sense of place, then, are highlighted. The aspects of the sense of place are, first, categorized into 3 components including Physical, Perceptual and Behavioral aspects, based on Punter’s ideas. Then, these are matched with eight layers of urban design proposed by Carmona including: Spatial, Morphological, Contextual, Visual, Perceptual, Social, Functional and Sustainability. One more layer is added, based on Jon Gehl’s contribution about people behaviors. For each of three aspects and 9 layers a series of urban design literature is studied and the key concepts and theories are analyzed. Meanwhile the walk ability issues are matched with each level. The key findings of this article indicate that there is a strong relation between walk ability and the sense of place. Assessment of the walk ability should consider three broad aspects of the place including physical, perceptual and behavioral. The balance between these three aspects might also be measured in a quantitative research. Some indicators for walk ability appraisal in this article are: natural features and climatic comfort, spatial variety and enclosure, dimensions, articulation to the surrounding, visual variety, memories, safety and security, people interaction, variety and permeability of land uses and finally the efficient of optional people behaviors. Applying these indicators, the walk ability of the existing places as well as the sense of the place can be assessed. As the indicators coming out of this research are qualitative, therefore they remain so dynamic that means other researchers might improve or adjust it for specific target. There are also another factors including the number of people using the passage, local intentions and visions, type of vehicles, etc that can be classified into the studied layers. With the criteria resulting from this research, it is also possible to quantify the measurement for walk ability. However, for the measurement, it is recommended to evaluate the area under the supervision of expert panel. Generally, in order to improve the sense of the place, the design of the pedestrian way should consider not only perceptual and behavioral but also ecological, spatial, morphological, contextual, visual and functional aspects of the walk ability. Improving walk ability will normally improve the sense of the place <br />چکیده <br />این مقاله، ارتباط میان پیادهراهسازی و حس مکان را میسنجد. پرسش اصلی این است که چگونه میتوان برای ارزیابی گذر، شاخصها و معیارهایی بر پایۀ توان دریافت پیاده بهکار گرفت؟ روش این پژوهش، کیفی و توصیفی است. نخست، بنمایههای پیادهراهسازی و حس مکان از نوشتارهای مربوط به طراحیشهری استخراج شده است؛ سپس مبانی پیادهراهسازی بر پایۀ جنبههای حس مکان، ردهبندی شده و معیارهایی برای بهبودبخشی حس مکان با کمک پیادهراهسازی تعیین شدهاست. یافتۀ اصلی این نوشتار، این است که رابطۀ مستقیمی میان پیادهراهسازی و حس مکان برقراراست. سنجش پیادهراهها از سه جنبۀ کالبدی (بومشناختی، فضایی، ریختشناسانه، زمینهای، بصری)، ذهنی (دریافتی) و رفتاری (اجتماعی، کارکردی و گزینشی) «مکان» با معیارهای دقیق قابل انجام است. در پژوهش پیش رو برخی از این معیارها به این صورت به دست آمدهاند: پوششطبیعی، تنوع و مرزبندی فضایی، اندازهها، شیوۀ آمیختگی بدنهها با گذر، تنوع بصری، یادمانها و دریافتهای غیربصری، آرامش و آسایش، تعامل مردمی، کاربریها و شیوۀ دسترسی به آنها. با این معیارهای کیفی میتوان به ارزیابی پیادهراههای موجود در شهرها پرداخت. ارزیابی حس مکان با این معیارها برای فضاهای دیگر نیز قابل بهکارگیری است. پیادهراهسازی درست، برنامهریزیشده و گامبهگام میتواند حس مکان را در شهرها و سکونتگاهها بهبود بخشد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_51678_b40ce152722cea5cb77b34fa97875d0e.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602018شماره 420131222An Analysis on the Relation Between Per Capita Land Uses and City Size in Iran Urban Comprehensive Plans*تحلیلی بر رابطه سرانه کاربری های زمین و اندازه شهر در طرحهای جامع شهرهای ایران*25365167910.22059/jfaup.2013.51679FAمحمد مهدیعزیزیاستاد دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.Journal Article20140928Land use planning is a key and challengable issue in the process of urban comprehencive plans, determining many aspects of future expansion and development of cities. A projected land use table in urban development plans seems a quantitative figure, showing per capita land uses. However, it must have been the results of various studies on population, cultural, social, economic, environmental and physical subjects. Since the issue of per capita land use planning is a base for various urban activities, analysis of this issue is important in a study on land uses analysis. The major aims for determination of per capita land use are to response to the locational and spatial society needs, in the process of rapid urbanization. Per capita land uses are quantitative illustrations of policies, methods and models for land uses, land subdivision, spatial distribution of activities and zonning. It is a key factor affecting construction and population densities, development level, urban design, and city vision. In the process of comprehensive plans provision in Iran, it has been tried to determine per capita land uses in a rational way. However, it has been mainly on the basis of the western literature, or individual and personal perceptions of planners, lacking theoretical and analytical bases. A major challenge in relation to per capita land uses in Iran can be its inconsistencies with various conditions of Iranian cities regarding population, culture, social, economy, environment and climate. In this regard, the relation between per capita land use and city cize is perhaps one of the most important issue to be examined. This is an important subject in Iran, because of Iranain urban hierarcy and city cize situation. The aim of this research is the analysis of per capita land uses in Iranian urban comprehensive plans. The literature on this issue was reviewed and conceptual framework of the sudy was formed. The research method of the study was based on both quantitative and qualitative methods. The relation between per capita land uses and city size was examined and analysed in 40 Iranian urban comprehensive plans. Sampling model and selection of cities was based on two factors, population size and and climate region. For this, 17 samples with less than 100000 population, 8 samples with population between 100000 to 200000, 10 samples with population between 200000 to 500000, 2 samples with population between 1 to 2 millions, and 3 samples with population over 1 million were selected. For correlation relations between city size and per capita, statistical moddeling was used. In the analysis of correlation relations, several softwares were used, including SPSS, Excel, Linear, Logarithmic, Inverse, Quadratic, Cubic, Compound, Power, Growth, and Logistic. Correlations between city size and various land uses were as follow: -0.346 for residential, -0.068 for commercial, -0.317 for educational, -0.198 for higher education, -0.320 for health and clinics, -0.127 for sport, 0.028 for parks and green spaces, -0.368 for cultural and religous spaces. Regression and correlation relations showed that there has not been a rational and scientific method for determination of per capita land uses in the selected urban comprehensive plansچکیده<br />برنامهریزی کاربری زمین، تعیینکننده بسیاری از ابعاد گسترش و توسعه شهری در آینده شهرها بوده و میتواند از چالشیترین بخشهای فرایند تهیه طرحهای جامع باشد. هرچند در فرایند تهیه طرحهای جامع شهری ایران، تلاشهایی برای تعیین منطقی این سرانهها صورت گرفته، اما عمدتاً متکی بر متون غربی و یا براساس سلایق و تجارب حرفهای تهیهکنندگان آنها و غالباً فاقد مبانی نظری بوده است. در این میان، میتوان رابطه سرانه کاربریها با اندازه شهر را در زمره مهمترین موضوعات مورد پژوهش منظور کرد. در این پژوهش، رابطه سرانه کاربریها با اندازه شهرها در تعداد 40 طرح و با استفاده از روشهای کمی مورد تحلیل واقع شد. برای رابطههای همبستگی، مدلسازی آماری از طریق تحلیلهای پیشبینی و توابع منتخب آن صورت گرفت. بر اساس تحلیل انجام شده در خصوص رابطه همبستگی میان اندازه شهرها و سرانه کاربریها، مشخص گردید شیوه نظاممندی برای اکثریت سرانهها وجود نداشته و سرانه و سهم کاربریهای شهری، لزوماً همسو عمل نکردهاند. یافتههای این تحقیق میتواند به عنوان چارچوبی برای تحلیل و ارزیابی سرانههای پیشنهادی در طرحهای جامع شهری مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_51679_c9b2c702475c8c1e15821c26e7baf4d2.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602018شماره 420131222A Comparative and Analytical Study of Jaame, Mosque of Gaz According to New Renovations Findingsمطالعه تطبیقی-تحلیلی مسجد جامع گز به استناد نویافتههای مرمتی37465168010.22059/jfaup.2013.51680FAعباسعلیاحمدیاستادیار باستانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایرانJournal Article20140928Abstract<br />Jaame, mosque of Gaz is located seventeen kilometers to the north of Esfahan in one of the ancient areas known as Borkhar. According to the texts and documents of the third and forth Hijri centuries, business was brisk in this area during the Seljuq and Safavid eras. Gaz as the center of this area has been important before and after Islam. Jaame, mosque of Gaz is considered as a monument of Seljuq era by most of the researchers. Despite having special architectural and decorative features, it has not yet been studied precisely and comprehensively. Recent renovations of this mosque which consisted of removing some parts added in the contemporary era have uncovered a few spaces, decorations, and shapes. These findings have provided new information on chronology and developmental stages of this monument. This descriptive, comparative, and analytic field research aims at presenting new chronological perspectives and developmental stages, as well as architectural, decorative, and stylistic features of this mosque. The findings of the present research indicate that this monument was originally a "columned type mosque" built in Buyid era. Nothing can be said about the details of its plan and design with certainty. However, the prevalence of "columned type mosques" in Iran in that era among which Jaame mosques of Esfahan, Ardestan, and Na'iin were typical examples, as well as the arrangement of remaining columns in this monument indicate that there were probably a courtyard in the center with some porticos around it, and a columned sanctuary in the south side. Some of the special features of this era mosques are polyhedral columns and stucco decorations in form of simple decorative ivies as well as other decorative ivies in form of multi-petal flowers. According to prior geographic texts there used to be many mosques in Borkhar area at that time, most of which had orators and minbars. Undoubtedly, Jaame, mosque of Gaz was one of them. Later, in Seljuq era a minaret was added and just like Jaame, mosques of Esfahan and Ardestan four arcades were added to each side of the courtyard. Therefore, it was changed to a four- arcade mosque. It is most likely that the four arcades were built simultaneously. Jaame, mosque of Gaz was different from other four- arcade mosques of Seljuq era in terms of special stylistic features. So that, the <em>whole</em> space of each side of the courtyard was surrounded by one arcade, also unlike the usual trend of the Seljuq era mosques especially those in Esfahan area, there was no independent dome chamber. Although the non- existence of a dome chamber in four- arcade mosques was not unusual in later periods of the Iranian architecture, no mosque with the same features as the Jaame, mosque of Gaz has been registered. There is no clear information about how constructions were made in mosques and how new parts were added to them. In Safavid era skillful architects fixed the mosque, built some new parts, and added to its decorations. This was ordered by Safavid kings. Renovations and constructions in this monument have been in progress since Qajar era until today.چکیده <br /> با توجه به مرمتهای سالیان اخیر مسجد جامع گز و متعاقب آن زدودن برخی الحاقات دوره معاصر که در نتیجه آن فضاها، تزیینات و اشکال جدیدی از بنا هویدا گردید، اطلاعات تازهای از گاهنگاری و مراحل توسعه این بنا مشخص گردید؛ بر همین اساس پژوهش حاضر که به روشی توصیفی- تطبیقی – تحلیلی بر پایه بررسیهای میدانی و بهرهگیری از مطالب متون انجام شده، بر آن است تا منظر تازهای از گاهنگاری، مراحل توسعه، ویژگیهای معماری، تزیینی و خصوصیات سبکشناختی بنا را مشخص کند. در نتیجه تحقیق مشخص گردید که بنای اولیه از نوع مساجد ستوندار بوده و به دوره آلبویه تعلق داشته است. در دوره سلجوقی منارهای به مسجد افزوده گشته و همانند مسجد جامع اصفهان و اردستان در هر ضلع صحن چهار ایوان ایجاد شده و به مسجدی چهارایوانی تبدیل میگردد. به احتمال زیاد چهار ایوان مسجد به طور همزمان ایجاد شده و به دنبال آن در مقایسه با سایر مساجد چهارایوانی سلجوقی، مسجدی با خصوصیات سبکی ویژه و متفاوت را به وجود آورده است. در دوره صفوی به دستور شاهان صفوی و بدست معماران توانمند این دوره تعمیرات، ساختمانسازیها و تزیینات الحاقی و اساسی در بنا صورت گرفته است. روند مرمت و ساختمانسازی بنا از دوره قاجار تا به امروز نیز تداوم داشته است. <br /> https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_51680_6c26673e4b3fdc95f1a3267453cb4cd2.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602018شماره 420131222Function Evaluation of Community Management by Focus in Indicators of Social Capital*
Case Study: 7 Community of District 1, Region 21 Tehranارزیابی عملکرد مدیریت محله محور با تأکید بر شاخصههای سرمایه اجتماعی* مورد پژوهی: محلات 7 گانه ناحیه 1 منطقه 21 شهرداری تهران47565168110.22059/jfaup.2013.51681FAفرشادنوریاندانشیار دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایراننجمهمظفری پورکارشناس ارشد مدیریت شهری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دنشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.Journal Article20140928Abstract<br /> <br />Since the middle of 1980 the main focus of urban management is on the community potential making, improve the institutional-organizational approach and movement from a centralize management to a community base management. So it is needed to use from community potentials and redefine the designation of urban management players in community level to shape and implement a new method of urban management; as community-based management. It is so related to define the social capital concept and its functional base in local level to find how it can help the community-based management indeed. It is important that community base management work appropriate to improve the potentials of development .So establishing a performance appraisal system to evaluate it, may lead to better output. The social capital point of view when is defined in community, citizen is defined as a "capital" and it means the opportunity of doing task and participate volunteering to improve the function. In order to improve effectiveness and efficiency in local scale as named "community", it is important to do evaluate the community base management function. In other word tend to the role of "community" as "the basis of citizens interaction" and "the community- base management "as" the cooperator and guider of citizen potential and capitals" to defense the urban challenges it is needed to use social capital. Then to reach the point, it is needed to improve the basis of knowledge, trust, coherent and citizen participation and use social capital in community. The research goal is to evaluate the performance of community management by focus in indicators of social capital in 7 community of district 1 from region 21 Tehran. It does make a great attention from people of those residential places that are far from Tehran to participate in. This way we can ask that how social capital can improve "community base management" level? In this article we are trying to define community-based management, social capital and evaluate the function of community management by focus in indicators of social capital. The methodology for doing this research is descriptive and analytic as well as surveying method. Regarding the type, this research can be categorized as a functional one and it is a covariance research. According to the results of this survey, there is direct relationship between community-based management and social capital in district 1 of region 21.the top rate in cognition social capital for knowledge refers to the community- based management attempts to do information around the communities. Therefore, improve the level of social capital can help to improve the level of best function in community base management. So the suggestion emphasis on improving the efficiency and effectiveness in community base level by redefining the management structures, increase the level of citizen participation by defining new activities, improving the honesty, trust, knowledge, coherent by means of preparing places to get together more and make more events in local level and set out the report on how community is managing and what is needed to be better is needed.<br /> چکیده<br /> <br />از اواسط دهه1980 میلادی تاکنون توجه عمده مدیریت شهری بر ظرفیت سازی محلی، تقویت رویکرد نهادی- سازمانی و در نهایت حرکت از نوعی مدیریت متمرکز به مدیریت محلی معطوف شده است. بنابراین لزومِ«استفاده از ظرفیتهای محلهای» و«بازتعریف نقش بازیگران و کنشگران مدیریت شهری» در سطح محلهای، شناخت مفهوم«سرمایه اجتماعی» و کارکردهای آن را در سطح محلی ضروری ساخته و به شکلگیری و اجرای الگویی جدید از مدیریت شهری در سطح محلات به عنوان «مدیریت محله محور» کمک کرده است. هدف این پژوهش این است که با تأکید بر شاخصههای سرمایه اجتماعی، عملکرد مدیریت محله محور در سطح محلات 7گانه ناحیه1 شهرداری منطقه 21 تهران ارزیابی شود. بر این اساس، دربخش مبانی نظری که شامل ارائه مفاهیم«مدیریت محله محور»،«سرمایه اجتماعی» و«ارزیابی عملکرد مدیریت محله محوربا تأکید بر شاخصه های سرمایه اجتماعی» است؛ از روش تحلیل دادههای ثانویه(اسنادی) استفاده شده است و در بخش شناخت وتحلیل از روش«پیمایش» استفاده می شود. نتایج حاصل از پیمایش در محدوده پژوهش نشان میدهد که بین سرمایه اجتماعی و مدیریت محلهمحور، همبستگی مثبت و معناداری وجود دارد. کسب بیشترین امتیاز در بعد سرمایه اجتماعی شناختی توسط شاخص آگاهی، نشان از تلاشهایی داشته که در سطح محلات توسط مدیریت محله محوردر راستای اطلاع رسانی صورت گرفته است.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_51681_f4515534d6dfffd6fb0f7f32103ef48a.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602018شماره 420131222Open Space of Residential Complexes and Environmental Responsiveness:
A Comparative Study of three Residential Complexes in Hamadanفضای باز مجموعههای مسکونی و پاسخدهی محیطی: مطالعه تطبیقی سه مجموعۀ مسکونی در شهر همدان57685168210.22059/jfaup.2013.51682FAمحمدجلیلیمربی گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بروجرد، بروجرد، ایران.علیرضاعینیفراستاد دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایرانغلامرضاطلیسچیاستادیار دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.Journal Article20140928Abstract<br /> <br />The present study investigates the influence of the shape and design of open spaces in residential complexes on the environmental response rate. According to the related literature, quality of open space between buildings in residential complexes, the so-called outdoor environment, has a positive relationship with residents` satisfaction and the desirability of residential projects. In this study, the environmental responsiveness is considered to be one of environmental factors affecting the desirability, which can influence residents' quality of life and satisfaction from residential complexes. Environmental Responsiveness is, offering different responses to the physiological and psychological needs of different users through environment. The concept of environmental responsiveness includes several variables that can be evaluated through the measurement of different environmental factors. The theoretical framework of the study suggests that, a responsive outdoor environment includes the principal components of flexibility, legibility and quality of visual effects. The flexibility component consists of two criteria of environment modification and behavior adaptation. Each of legibility and visual components can be measured and assessed by three criteria. The criteria which make the legibility measurable are ease of orientation, clear definition of activity borders and visual accessibility. Visual effect component is measured by three criteria of proportionality and harmony, visual integration and façade appealing. In this study, by using survey research methods, evaluation of 360 residents of residential complexes to response rate of three different "linear", "single" and "middle open space" projects in the city of Hamadan was carried out. In order to understand the significant difference between the averages of the studied projects, the Chi-square test was used. The survey findings show that only in four standards of clear definition of socio- physical boundaries of activity, visual integrity, proportion and harmony and façade appealing in three residential projects studied, the differences are significant. In the other four criteria, namely environmental modification, behavioral adaptation, easy navigation and visual accessibility there were seen no significant differences in three residential projects. In other words, the environmental responsive rates of the three projects are significantly different from each other in the visual quality of the components. Imam Reza quarter residents with middle open space design evaluated a better visual quality of the outdoor environment, than respondents if other residential open space types. In the middle open space design, because of the concentration of the building blocks around a central space, the integrity of visual perception is obtained more than other form of designs. In total, according to the findings, it could be argued that the quality of visual effects is significantly influenced by the shape of space. However, the impact of the designed space on two dimensions of flexibility and legibility is not significant. Environmental responsiveness in the two components is achieved with equipment, facilitation of certain activities and social relations in the environment. Therefore, it can be concluded that the outdoor responsiveness, is not dependent on only the form of space and the outdoor environment itself, but is influenced by all the factors and elements forming the residential environments.<br /> چکیده<br />پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل تأثیر ویژگیهای طراحی کالبدی فضاهای باز مجموعههای مسکونی، بر میزان پاسخدهی محیطی آنها انجام شده است. پیشینۀ پژوهش در طراحی محیط نشان میدهد که ویژگیهای کالبدی فضاهای باز مسکونی میتواند بر میزان مطلوبیت آنها تأثیرگذار باشد و کیفیت زندگی اجتماعی ساکنین را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. در این پژوهش، با استفاده از روش تحقیق پیمایشی، ارزیابی ساکنین مجموعههای مسکونی از میزان پاسخدهی سه طرح مختلف «خطی»، «منفرد» و «فضای باز میانی» در شهر همدان مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. یافتهها نشان میدهد که تفاوت معنیداری میان معیارهای قابلیت انعطافپذیری و خوانایی طرح در سه گونه مورد مطالعه وجود ندارد؛ ولی در معیار کیفیت جلوه بصری طرح، تفاوت معنیداری در بین سه طرح مشاهده میشود. در مجموع میتوان گفت، ساکنین مجموعههای مسکونی مورد مطالعه، فضای باز محل زندگی خود را پاسخگوی نیازها و ارزشهای مورد نظر خود نمیدانند. شاید مهمترین دلیل این باشد که اغلب در برنامهریزی و ساخت مسکن انبوه، برای کم کردن هزینهها، به کیفیت طراحی و ساخت فضاهای مابین ساختمانها کمتر توجه میشود. طراحی فضاهای باز مجموعههای مسکونی با فراهم آوردن بستر شکلگیری زندگی اجتماعی، به شکل معناداری کیفیت و مطلوبیت محیط زندگی را تحت تأثیر قرار میدهد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_51682_7d849ed6f979e4aba9e8487b33c6b80f.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602018شماره 420131222Application of TOPSIS Technique in Ranking of Tehran Urban Design Projects with Implementation Evaluation Approachکاربرد تکنیک تاپسیس در رتبهبندی پروژههای طراحی شهری تهران با رویکرد سنجش تحققپذیری69785168310.22059/jfaup.2013.51683FAآرشثقفی اصلاستادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران.اسفندیارزبردستاستاد دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.حمیدماجدیدانشیار دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20140928 <br />Abstract <br />Along with the rest of the world, recently, some projects named “urban design projects” has been provided and is running in different parts of Iran, especially in Tehran. These projects aim to improve the quality of our urban environment and urban spaces. In the early 80s of Hejri Shamsi, city managers and citizens expressed more interest in these projects. In fact,our approach is changing to concentrate more on quality than quantity in urban projects. Urban design involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, and amenities. On the other hand, Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity. The main issue of this study is to evaluate the implementation of urban design projects, as an urban development plans. The present study attempted to identify criteria that affect the implementation of urban design projects in Iran and to compare their success together and attempted to evaluate the implementation rate of Iran urban design projects identify, and prioritize the criteria and effective indicators in this process. Therefore, several documents and relevant literature were reviewed to initially develop a theoretical framework and then, identify primary criteria and indicators using analytical- comparative methods, reviewing documents, and related opinions of other scholars. These criteria and indicators were made precise and fulfilled through an interview with experts so as to localize and conform to Iran’s context. After considering experts ideas, and also adjustment and localization for Iran, TOPSIS technique based on the implementation plan was carried out to rank their implementation. The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is a multi-criteria decision analysis method, which was originally developed by Hwang and Yoon in 1981with further developments by Yoon in 1987and Hwang, Lai and Liu in 1993. TOPSIS is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest geometric distance from the positive ideal solution and the longest geometric distance from the negative ideal solution. It is a method of compensatory aggregation that compares a set of alternatives by identifying weights for each criterion, normalising scores for each criterion and calculating the geometric distance between each alternative and the ideal alternative, which is the best score in each criterion. An assumption of TOPSIS is that the criteria are monotonically increasing or decreasing. Normalisation is usually required as the parameters or criteria are often of incongruous dimensions in multi-criteria problems.The findings of the selected projects were ranked based on the organization and development of the project as the top project was Hassan Abad organizing and restoration project, and the weakest was reconstruction of TAJRISH bazaar based on implementation approach. This would indicate that the criteria and indicators for urban design projects implementation in reconstruction of TAJRISH bazaar Project has not been well attentioned.<br /> چکیده<br />همگام با سایر کشورها، چند صباحی است پروژههایی تحت عنوان طراحی شهری در ایران و بویژه شهر تهران در دست تهیه و اجراست. این پروژهها که با هدف ارتقای کیفیت محیط و فضاهای شهری وارد عرصه طرحهای شهری کشورمان شده است، از اوایل دهه هشتاد شمسی با اقبال بیشتری از سوی مدیران شهری مواجه شده است. در واقع با رویکردی مواجهیم که به بسط و نشر فضاهای شهری برای احیای حضور و مشارکت شهروندان در عرصه عمومی شهر میاندیشد. در پژوهش حاضر سعی بر آنست که با شناخت معیارهای موثر در تحقق پروژههای طراحی شهری ایران، میزان موفقیت و تحقق آنها در شهر تهران، در طی دهه هشتاد شمسی، مورد سنجش قرار گیرد. بدین منظور، عوامل موثر در تحققپذیری پروژههای مذکور شناسایی شده و سپس با بومیسازی و انطباق با زمینه ایران و با استفاده از نظریات خبرگان و کارشناسان حاضر در فرایند انجام پروژهها، رتبهبندی با کاربرد تکنیک تاپسیس و براساس رویکرد تحققپذیری انجام گرفت. از یافتههای پژوهش، رتبهبندی پروژههای منتخب حاصل شده است که براساس آن پروژه ساماندهی و بهسازی میدان حسنآباد به عنوان برترین و پروژه بازسازی، ساماندهی و مرمت بازار تجریش به عنوان ضعیفترین پروژه بر اساس رویکرد سنجش تحققپذیری انتخاب گردیدند.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_51683_cf0e59a21410f80d24a31b2f3c6e5d56.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602018شماره 420131222The Role of Collective Memory in Urban Regeneration:
in Search of Solutions to Historic Area Regeneration in Lahijanنقش خاطره جمعی در باززنده سازی بافتهای شهری: ارائه راهکار در خصوص ناحیه تاریخی لاهیجان70795168410.22059/jfaup.2013.51684FAمصطفیحسینی کوملهکارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.فاطمهستوده علمبازکارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.Journal Article20140928Abstract<br />Human habitats are full of memories that the inhbitants remember from their comman pasts.These memories are sometimes individual or personal but, sometimes, they have a collective nature. Removing memories and discontinuity with the past has resulted in ignoring some of these common memories and causing some memorable places to be demolished or drastically changed; which is dramatically widespread throughout the country. This paper aims to investigate about the role of collective memory in urban regeneration and tries to probe into how collective memories can be used in order to revitalize a deteriorated urban fabric. Adopting an analytical-descriptive research method, the concepts of collective memory and urban regeneration is theoretically studied in this paper. According to this study, "sense of attachment to place", "social coherence" and "sense of place" are mentioned as psychological, social and environmental functions of collective memory and then through these functions the effects of collective memory on the economic, social, environmental, physical-spatial, administrational and cultural dimensions of urban regeneration are proved. Then through a descriptive-comparative approach, the correctness of the study findings is tested by comparing with a flourishing accomplished case study (urban regeneration of Bronzeville neighbourhood, Chicago) and an unsuccessful case study (historical area of Lahijan_which is not paid attention as much as the ecotouristic area of the city), providing a comparative analysis. According to the studies of this paper, in Bronzeville experience, an urban regeneration has been implemented, using and bolding collective memories and improving social participation in the neighbourhood. In doing so, some thematic projects like “Eyes on Walls urban arts”, “Mosaic Art”, “the Great Migration sculpture”, “Bronze Map of Bronzeville”, “23 Benches”, and so on has been run and helped urban management to attract social participation for revitalizing the neighbourhood. The strong linkage between these projects and collective memories of the inhabitants, and on the other hand, spending time, budjet and energy by them to do these projects, has been led to “sense of attachment” and “social coherence”. Additionally, improving the quality of urban places through performing the mentioned projects, using local artists and labours, has been resulted in redefining “sense of place” in bronzeville. Historical urban places of Lahijan is the unsuccessful case study which is investigated in this paper. Lahijan is one of historical cities in the north of Iran which has seven historical neighbourhood and some memorable monuments (Chahar-Padshah shrine, Akbariye Mosque, Jameh Mosque, Golshan Public Bath, …). There are some old rituals or religious ceremonies like Chehel Menbar that the inhabitants of historical area believe and perform them. As a result, based on Bronzeville experience and the paper’s theoretical framework, some specific solutions which is neglected in the decisions of Lahijan urban management were proposed in order to use collective memory for historical area regeneration.Using public arts (mural paintings, graffitis, portraits, sculptures, …) appropriate to the context of historical area, using local artists' works of art, preserving local ceremonies and ritulas, performing memorable ceremonial dramas like Taziyeh, … in the historical public places are some of these proposed solutionsچکیده<br />زیستگاههای انسانی آکنده از خاطراتی هستند که ساکنان از گذشتههای خویش در ذهن دارند. این خاطرات گاه فردی و شخصی بوده و گاه از ماهیت جمعی برخوردارند. هدف از نوشتار حاضر، بررسی نقش خاطرات جمعی در باززندهسازی و احیای بافتهای شهری است. در این نوشتار، ضمن اتخاذ روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، کنکاشی نظری در خصوص مفاهیم خاطره جمعی و باززندهسازی شهری صورت گرفته و ایجاد یا ارتقای "حس تعلق"، "انسجام اجتماعی" و "حس مکان" به عنوان کارکردهای روانشناختی، اجتماعی و محیطی خاطره جمعی مورد اشاره قرار گرفته و در پی آن تأثیر خاطره جمعی از طریق این کارکردها بر ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زیست محیطی، کالبدی-فضایی، مدیریتی و فرهنگی باززندهسازی شهری نشان داده شده است. در پایان با اتخاذ رویکرد توصیفی-تطبیقی، صحت نتایج حاصله، از طریق انطباق با یک نمونه موردی موفق (باززندهسازی محله برونزویل شیکاگو) و مقایسه آن با ناحیه تاریخی لاهیجان که به دلیل توجه مدیریت شهری به محدوده اکوتوریستی شهر رها شده و بسیاری از خاطرات در آن رنگ باختهاند و ارائه یک تحلیل تطبیقی به آزمون گذاشته میشود و سرانجام بر پایه مطالعه تجربه موفق برونزویل و چارچوب نظری ارائه شده، اقداماتی که در نتیجه سهلانگاری و کم توجهی مدیریت شهری لاهیجان صورت واقعیت به خود نگرفتهاند، پیشنهاد میشوندhttps://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_51684_1ffa0bce58c8569d96c8b1ab5dbfa644.pdf