پردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی2228-602034620110622Semiology's analysis of Iranians housing system based on relations of text/housing layersتحلیل نشانه شناختیِ سامانه مسکن ایرانی برپایه ارتباط لایه های متن/ مسکن51425056FAعبدالحمیدنقره کاردانشیار دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایرانمحمدمنانرئیسیدانشجوی دکتری و مدرّس گروه آموزشی معماری، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایرانJournal Article19700101One of the issues in theory field of architecture semiotic which has been considered in recent decades is how different layers of a contextual architecture work together and the effect of this cooperation on consolidation or fall in solidarity of architecture system. To specify this subject it is essential to know about classification of triple conceptions' semiotic named Icon, Index, Symbol and their criteria. In this article by specifying these conceptions in a simple way, the authors will introduce the triple mysteries of scientific, aesthetic and social which are formed by these triple conceptions. Scientific mysteries are derived from logical experiences while aesthetic mysteries naturally have an iconic manner and are derived from emotional experiences and there are social mysteries which are between them and they are derived from logical-emotional experiences. As the extent usage of these three groups of mysteries, it will be explained that aesthetic mysteries and social mysteries are nearer to the field of art and architecture. Then two important approaches in semiotic will be specified named relations of syntagm and paradigm (we can mean them in the basis of time : synchronic and diachronic) in addition how layers which have been formed from triple mysteries and have been influenced by the two approaches will play a role in consolidation or fall in solidarity of architecture system. Syntagm relations are those which consist of plus and elimination rules in architecture system and in the basis of time and place they are performed in a horizontal axis although the paradigm relations, which use relocation and replacement rules, cause changing in layers and also in architecture mysteries and they are performed in vertical axis. We can define this subject when we assume the architecture like a text and so the role of user is reviewing the signs which are formed the contextual architecture. In order to this, the authors select a syllogistic approach and study the process of reviewing about Iranian text/housing particularly in two periods: traditional and contemporary. The method to extract the data in this research is documents studies. The authors have utilized interpretive-historical research in the first gathering stage of data. Moreover the authors have used logical-argumentation research in analysis stage and judgment of data. In the conclusion it will be specified that the result of harmony in layers that carry out architecture mysteries in synchronic and diachronic relations is making tissues in text/housing system. It also help to make the system stronger as if due to the evidences that will be presented, these making tissues is traceable in traditional housing, but in Iranian contemporary housing because of disharmony, inappropriate and imbalance changes of mysteries and different layers of ideological, aesthetic, structural and etc. the result of layers' relations is deconstruction for solidarity of housing system. In the last part of the article it will be noted that the parallel changes' layers of text/housing is prerequisite for improving the Iranian housing system but not an efficient requisite and it is essential to attend and realize some other requisites for rising values in Iranian housing.از مسائل مطرح نشانه شناسیِ معماری، چگونگی ارتباط لایه های نشانه شناختیِ یک اثر معماری و تأثیر آن بر قوام یا زوال انسجام سامانه ایِ معماری می باشد. در این مقاله جهت تبیین این مسئله، ضمن تشریح مفاهیم نشانه شناسیِ شمایل، نمایه و نماد، رمزگان های سه گانه علمی، زیبایی شناختی و اجتماعی که متأثر از مفاهیم فوق هستند معرفی می گردند. سپس دو رویکرد مهم نشانه شناختی تحت عنوان مناسبات همنشینی و جانشینی (که به لحاظ زمانی می توان آنها را به همزمانی و درزمانی تعبیر نمود) تبیین و مشخص خواهد شد که لایه های متشکل از رمزگان ها، چگونه تحت این دو رویکرد سبب قوام یا زوال سامانه معماری خواهند شد. برای این امر، ضمن بهره گیری از مطالعات اسنادی و کتابخانه ای، تحلیل نشانه شناختی در مورد متن/مسکن ایرانی در دو بازه زمانیِ سنتی و معاصر اِعمال و مشخص خواهد شد که چگونه لایه های مختلف متن/مسکن سنتی، ارتباطی هم افزا داشته و بالعکس در مسکن معاصر ایرانی، نتایج حاصل از مناسبات همزمانی و درزمانیِ این لایه ها، انسجام زداییِ سامانه مسکن بوده است. در بخش پایانی مقاله نیز تشریح خواهد شد که شرط لازم برای تقویت انسجام سامانه مسکن ایرانی، تناسب و توازن در تغییرات همزمانی و درزمانیِ لایه های مختلف متن/مسکن می باشد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_25056_6c529a9d7466abff15c0594cc0f41599.pdfپردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی2228-602034620110622A Conceptual Framework for Integrated Conservation and Regeneration in Historic Urban Areasتدوین چارچوب مفهومی حفاظت و بازآفرینی یکپارچه در بافت های فرهنگی – تاریخی152625057FAپیروزحناچیدانشیار دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانسمیهفدایی نژاددانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101The historic environment is an irreplaceable asset representing the investment of centuries of skills and resources. It gives places a unique competitive advantage. Most of it is in daily use; it is capable of an economic future. The opportunities for regenerating historic environment require both conservation and development motivators to keep a unique sense of the historic environment whilst allowing to flourish, adopt and grow to meet the needs of 21stcentury. However, one of the strongest arguments for conservation ought to be that a historic place has multiple layers of ’value’ to its community or agencies involved in the management of historic environments. There is a need to establish a basis for balance judgment where historical, cultural, economical and financial values are taken into account in to context of the decision- making process concerning the planning and management of the built environment. Developing an integrated approach -establishing a balance between conservation and regeneration objectives within the historic environment- has always been a controversial issue in many countries; however, they sometimes have a type of symbiotic relationship with each other. During the past decade, these two trends have moved closer together through the concept of the ’conservation – led regeneration’ policy which has resulted from the changing nature of both policies and it can be defined within ‘integrated conservation and regeneration framework’. The aim of this paper is to quest the background of conservation and development approaches and attempt to reach a schematic integrated framework. The integrated framework introduces a conceptual framework based on its theoretical perspective to develop a more precise and effective approach to the analysis of conservation and regeneration initiatives in historic urban areas. The validity of the proposed framework could be examined on many different examples in similar or different contexts and scales. The integrated and comprehensive framework is consisted by a set of theories, documented patterns, and processes that outline the variety of factors and criteria to establish balance between ‘significance’ and ‘economic vitality’. To understand factors and interrelationships that affect the process and production of 'integrated conservation and regeneration framework' and to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for the analysis of practical activities of ‘integrated conservation and regeneration’, this paper concentrates on the interaction of the criteria’s of 'integrated conservation framework' and the criteria’s of 'integrated regeneration framework' within the local contexts. Understanding the 'significance' of the heritage asset is vital to bring forward a successful regeneration scheme and should be the starting point for any regeneration project. Although each integrated scheme is unique, the significant impacts of the integrated conservation and regeneration program show that promotion of the conservational activities and consideration of the 'significance' can play a key role in regeneration strategies, such as the re-use of existing building, mixed-use development, high quality public spaces, community cohesion, social interaction, education, new life to run-down areas, quality of life and sustainability. The last part of the paper points that preparing an integrated framework is a challenge not only for this generation, a challenge that needs commitment from all of us.این مقاله ضمن شناخت و بررسی سیاست ها و برنامه های «حفاظت و بازآفرینی یکپارچه» در دو دهه اخیر، به معرفی این رویکرد در آئینه اسناد و مدارک منتشره از سوی مجامع و مراجع بین المللی، می پردازد؛ به عبارتی می توان بازتاب بسیاری از مفاهیم، سیاست ها و برنامه های تدوین شده در حوزه حفاظت و بازآفرینی را در محتوا و نحوه تنظیم اسناد رسمی و بین المللی جستجو نمود، به گونه ای که نتیجه آن به دنبال واکاوی و تدوین چارچوب مفهومی «حفاظت و بازآفرینی یکپارچه» به عنوان رویکرد غالب در مواجهه با بافت های فرهنگی - تاریخی در دو دهه اخیر بوده است. بر مبنای چارچوب مفهومی «حفاظت و بازآفرینی یکپارچه» معیار «برجستگی» مکان تحت تاثیر زیرمعیارهای «اصالت»، «یکپارچگی» و «ارزش نسبی»، در وجه حفاظتی آن و از طرفی دیگر، معیار «سرزندگی اقتصادی» تحت تاثیر زیرمعیارهای بازآفرینی فیزیکی، کارکردی و فرهنگی – اجتماعی، در وجه توسعه ای چارچوب «حفاظت و بازآفرینی یکپارچه» مورد توجه قرار می گیرند. به علاوه، سیاست «بازآفرینی حفاظت مبنا» به عنوان سیاست غالب در ایجاد همگرایی و تعادل میان اهداف و برنامه های «حفاظت و بازآفرینی یکپارچه» در بافت های فرهنگی- تاریخی در دو دهه اخیر به رسمیت شناخته شده است.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_25057_e8684204648378134d174d3adf458750.pdfپردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی2228-602034620110622Pathology of Integrated Urban Management for Tehran in view of Policy and Decision Makingآسیبشناسی مدیریت یکپارچه شهری در تهران از منظر سیاستگذاری و تصمیمگیری شهری273825058FAغلامرضاکاظمیاناستادیار گروه مدیریت شهری، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائیزهرهمیرعابدینیکارشناس ارشد مدیریت شهری، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطباییJournal Article19700101Integrated urban management means adopting a holistic approach to urban management and designing appropriate mechanisms for this approach’s requirements in practice. The integration of the urban activities brings together organizational , structural and institutional activities and action in which the urban development is supported. In order to achieve integration, It is essential to Identify factors affecting fragmentation and non-integration. One of the most important levels of urban management is urban policy and decision making which are prone to fragmentation since they include various elements and activists. Urban policy is generic vision of city administration which directs urban decision making. using an integrated approach can be helpful for policy-making, planning, and managements. In this study , first, The urban management ,integrated urban management, Urban decision making, urban policy making and urban governance theory literatures have been reviewed and then effective factors in integration of policy and decision making in urban management have been identified by research analytical model and then it has been evaluated through suitable Quantitative Method. Three major factor have been identified in research analytical model which play important role in fragmentation and non-integration of Tehran urban management in terms of policy and decision making. 1. Plurality of different associated elements and actors which leads to intergenerational policy and decision making fragmentation, 2. Structure of power distribution between policy and decision making actors, 3. Factors related to power resource and tools in field of policy and decision making which include: current urban rules and regulations, information and communication infrastructures, financial capacity of urban management. The study results are based on analysis of 50 Tehran urban experts and managers (works for Tehran Municipality, Tehran City Council, Ministry of Interior ,Ministry of Road and Urban Development, Parliament of Islamic Republic of Iran). Statistical analysis of questionnaires has been done with three different tests: Wilcoxon Test for analysing of agreement rate for importance of non-integration of Tehran urban management, Friedman Test for analyzing and ranking of factors affecting non-integration of Tehran urban management, t-test for comparison of two different groups: members of Tehran city council and Tehran Municipality VS. Other selected Tehran urban management authorities. Moreover, t-test has been used for comparison between urban managers and urban experts. The study results confirm that all three presented factors play effective roles in non-integration of Tehran urban management. Nonetheless, Tehran institution of urban management (City council and Tehran Municipality) respondents, unlike others from other Tehran management organizations(Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Road and Urban Development, Parliament of Islamic Republic of Iran), take power distribution factor as the most important and influential factor in non-integration of Tehran Urban policy making. This study shows that considering all three mentioned factors, reform and balancing of power system for actors in city level lay the groundwork for Integration of urban policy and decision making. Finally, the study results offers some suggestions for enhancement and and adjustment of urban power and policy making system, urban management tools and facilities and adopting urban governance approach for Tehran city and metropolitan administration.مدیریت یکپارچه شهری به معنای اتخاذ یک رویکرد کلنگرانه و طراحی سازوکارهایی جهت پیگیری رویکرد مذکور در مدیریت شهر است. به منظور تحقق یکپارچگی، شناسایی عوامل موثر بر یکپارچگی و تفرق در مدیریت شهری ضروری است. در پژوهش حاضر، عوامل موثر بر یکپارچگی مدیریت شهری در سطح سیاستگذاری و تصمیمگیری در نمونه موردی شهر تهران با روش کمی شناسایی شدهاند. یافتههای مقاله که محصول جمعآوری نظرات 50 نفر از مدیران و کارشناسان نهاد مدیریت شهری تهران ( شامل شهرداری و شورای شهر تهران) و برخی نهادهای دولتی/ حکومتی (شامل وزارت کشور، وزارت راه و شهرسازی و مجلس شورای اسلامی) است، نشان میدهد که 3 عامل: 1- تعدد عناصر و کنشگران ذیربط و در نتیجه روابط متفرق میان سازمانی در سیاستگذاری و تصمیمگیری؛ 2- ساختار توزیع قدرت در میان عناصر ذیربط تصمیمگیری و سیاستگذاری و 3- عوامل مرتبط با منابع و ابزار قدرت و حاکمیت در موضوع تصمیمگیری و سیاستگذاری شامل قوانین و مقررات موجود شهری، زیرساختهای اطلاعاتی و ارتباطی و توانمندی مالی مدیریت شهری از جمله عوامل موثر بر عدم یکپارچگی سیاستگذاری در مدیریت شهری هستند که از این میان از نظر بیشتر پاسخ گویان در صورت اصلاح نظام و روابط قدرت میان بازیگران عرصه شهری، امکان یکپارچگی فرایند سیاستگذاری در مدیریت شهر تهران فراهم میشود.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_25058_330587939481c73ce6afd3231c510af3.pdfپردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی2228-602034620110622STUDY OF CONTRACTUAL RISKS ALLOCATION IN GENERAL CONDITION OF TRADITIONAL CONTRACTSبررسی تخصیص قراردادی ریسک ها در شرایط عمومی پیمان
قراردادهای سه عاملی395025059FAمجیدپرچمی جلالعضو هیئت علمی گروه مدیریت پروژه و ساخت، دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانعزت الهتقی زادهعضو هیئت علمی دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانبهروزساقیکارشناس ارشد معماری- مدیریت پروژه و ساخت، دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیباJournal Article19700101Regarding to the fact that the majority of construction projects are assigned under the traditional project delivery system by using General Conditions of contract for construction to the contractors, it is essential that specific attention be paid in the time of tender and contract documents provision and allocation of association risks with this contracts. Thus, the aim of this research is to identify the risks that are allocated between contract parties in General Conditions of contract for construction and also identify and assess the significant risks in highway projects and then addresses the proper allocation of them between owner and contractor. In Therefore we can provide an application framework for the proper risk allocation to express the responsibilities and risks of this type of contracting between parties under title of “Risk Allocation Matrix”. This research is done by a descriptive Survey method. Through the literature review, 36 risks are identified in highway projects that are assigned to the contractors by traditional project delivery system contract. Then risks questionnaire were designed and in order to determine risks probability, impact, rating and proper risk allocation between owner and contractor, the questionnaires were distributed among survey population. Based on the survey results, out of a total of 36 risk factors, 22 risks were allocated to the owner, 8 risks were allocated to the contractor and 6 risk factors were suggested to be shared between owner and contractor. Also with the comparison of the General Condition of Contract For Construction risks with survey results, it was identified that the General Condition of Contract For Construction need to be modified, that in this case " Risk Allocation Matrix" is suggested as a solution. Thus, in order to remove the problem of absence or lack of clear risk allocation in General Conditions of contract for construction and contract document of different projects such as highway projects, it is essential that a" Risk Allocation Matrix", according to the suggested table No 5, first in the tender document and then in contract document be prepared and extended. It is obvious that " Risk Allocation Matrix" for every project depends on its type, contract parties involved in projects and, project delivery system that we use and risk holders. It is evident that the "Risk Allocation Matrix" should be prepared according to suggested framework before the time of tender. The owner of project should identify the important risks of projects and add them to the suggested matrix. In addition, the owner should eliminate the risks which are included in the model but are not in project and allocate new risks to someone who has the most ability in management and control of risks. "Risk Allocation Matrix" should be prepared according to the preliminary framework in order that the contractors are able to bid in terms of it, and both parties can take the responsibility of risks in projects execution process.با توجه به اینکه اکثر پروژههای عمرانی با سیستم اجرای متعارف به پیمانکاران واگذار می شود، لازم است که توجه خاصی در تهیه اسناد این نوع قراردادها و تخصیص ریسک های مرتبط با آنها مبذول گردد. از این رو هدف از این تحقیق شناسایی، ارزیابی و تخصیص بهینه ریسکهای مهم پروژههای راهسازی میان طرفین قرارداد (کارفرما و پیمانکار) میباشد. به طوریکه یک چارچوب کاربردی برای تخصیص صحیح ریسک مهیا کنیم تا مسئولیتها و ریسکهای طرفین این نوع قراردادها تحت عنوان ماتریس تخصیص ریسک به وضوح بیان شود. این تحقیق به روش توصیفی- میدانی انجام شده است که در آن پس از بررسی پیشینه تحقیق، تعداد 36 ریسک در پروژه های راهسازی که با قراردادهای سه عاملی به پیمانکار واگذار می شوند شناسایی و بر اساس نظر خبرگان اولویت بندی و تخصیص بهینه آنها انجام گرفته است. طبق نتایج پیمایش، از 36 ریسک شناسایی شده، تخصیص22 ریسک به کارفرما، 8 ریسک به پیمانکار، 6 ریسک به کارفرما و پیمانکار مشترکاً پیشنهاد شد. همچنین با مقایسه تطبیقی ریسک های تخصیص داده شده در مفاد شرایط عمومی پیمان با نتایج پیمایش معلوم شد که شرایط عمومی پیمان نیاز به اصلاحات اساسی دارد. که در این مورد "ماتریس تخصیص ریسک" به عنوان راهکار ارائه شد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_25059_2a73ed89826061ea061411f1fb7c5dfb.pdfپردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی2228-602034620110622Evaluating the possibility of using underground pipes system as an energy source to acquire part of building’s energy consumption
Case study: Evaluating the efficiency of the system in an educational building, located in Tehranامکان سنجی استفاده از سیستم لوله های زیرزمینی جهت تامین درصدی از انرژی بنا
( نمونه موردی: بررسی کارآیی سیستم در یک بنای آموزشی در تهران )516225060FAصدیقه ساداتمیریانکارشناس ارشد معماری و انرژیمرتضیخاجی اسدیدانشیار دانشکده محیط زیست و انرژی، دانشگاه علوم تحقیقات تهرانمحمدتقیرضایی حریریدانشیار دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Nowadays, one of the greatest energy consumption sources in the world is recognized as HVAC systems, which are used vastly not only for industrial productions but also for creating comfort condition in dwellings. Since beginning of warm or cold season, we will need a source of energy to reach desirable thermal conditions inside a building. Also, earth is naturally a great thermal source, which exists under buildings, courtyards and city squares and is easily within reach. Using annually stable temperature within the earth, one can heat or cool the air by allowing ambient air to pass through soil context under the building. This is possible according to thermal transfer principle and temperature difference between soil and ambient air. In this way, heat is transferred to or from the surrounding soil by conduction through the pipe wall and convection with the tunnel air, tempering the air as it flows through the pipe. In cycle’s continuation, we can transfer mixed air of the room and that of the exiting from pipes to air conditioning unit in order to augment the efficiency of unit. Knowledge of the ground temperature distribution is required for the first order calculation of heat exchange between earth and buildings (partially or fully underground). The variation of the ground temperature with depth depends, however, on the condition of surface. In this paper, the energy performance achievable is using an earth-to-air heat exchanger for an air-conditioned building has been evaluated for both winter and summer. Moreover, soil temperature in Tehran’s climate is calculated by using a thermal model and by considering soil thermo physical and climatic condition of Tehran during 10 past years. Predictions of soil temperature exhibit a sinusoidal pattern due to the annual fluctuations. It has been found that at the depth of about 4-6 m, the earth provide a stable thermal environment. In addition, by using simple model of underground pipe systems, we can calculate heating or cooling potential of so-called system for three-story educational building with 12 classes which is located in Tehran. Also, we can estimate the percentage of energy conservation for this specific building. In this system, three rows of 45 meter long pipes with the radius of 50 centimeters are located 6 meter underground, have 53% energy conservation in summer and 63% energy conservation in winter. These numbers show a good potential for reducing cooling and heating energy demand in a typical educational building. The most important problem which is not considered in majority of papers is the change of soil temperature surrounding the underground pipes during cold and hot season. This will happen by passing of time and will decrease the efficiency of system at the end of cold and hot season. In conclusion, According to transient conduction theory in so-called model, the longest period and the optimum condition in which this system is of the highest efficiency when it starts to work, is 115 days in warm season and 150 days in cold season.با شروع فصل گرم و سرد و خارج شدن شرایط دمایی از محدوده آسایش، برای دستیابی به دمای مطلوب درون ساختمان نیاز به یک منبع انرژی داریم. زمین به طور طبیعی منبع حرارتی بسیار عظیمی است که در زیر ساختمان ها، حیاط ها و میادین شهری وجود داشته و به سهولت قابل دسترسی است. با استفاده از دمای یکنواخت اعماق خاک در طول سال می توان با عبور دادن هوای محیط از میان بستر خاک زیربنا، با استفاده از اصل انتقال حرارت و با توجه به اختلاف دمای خاک و هوای محیط، هوای عبوری را در فصل گرم، سرد و در فصل سرد، پیش گرم نمود. در این پژوهش، دمای خاک در تهران با استفاده از یک مدل حرارتی محاسبه گردیده و سپس با استفاده از یک مدل ساده از سیستم لوله های زیرزمینی، ظرفیت سرمایشی و گرمایشی این سیستم برای یک ساختمان آموزشی در تهران برآورد و میزان درصد صرفه جویی در مصرف انرژی تخمین زده شده است. نکته قابل توجه این است که با استفاده از اصل رسانش گذرا در مدل مذکور، بیشترین زمانی که این سیستم در تهران حداکثر کارایی را دارد، 115 روز در فصل گرم و 150 روز در فصل سرد از زمان شروع فعالیت سیستم می باشد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_25060_bf4663ca2651cc5a6cf0ff9e445a9c24.pdfپردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی2228-602034620110622“Architectural Drafting” in Technical Secondary Schools of Iran and the Matter of Normative View about Architectureدیدگاه هنجاری هنرجویان رشتة نقشه کشی معماری در مورد معماری و جایگاه آن: نمونة موردی شهر قم637425061FAمسعودناری قمیدانشجوی دکتری معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Technical secondary schools are becoming a common type of schools in Iran and “Architectural Drafting” is a popular field provided in it to prepare drafting technicians for design offices. Another main purpose can be conceived for these courses and it is to fill the gap between profession of architecture and the society. Special teaching method proposed for these courses is valid to pay attention. Here, architectural basics are taught through some course books – i.e. theoretical method- while current methods in schools of architecture, are architectural workshops and case-based education which are both kinds of knowing by doing. This research is , thus, an evaluation of normative views, shaped in minds of these students throughout their curriculum in Technical Secondary schools to make clearer if such an educational method can make technician fit with two purpose mentioned above, specially the matter of relationship between architects and people. This surveying has been conducted in 6 of such schools in the city of Ghom where the author worked as instructor in these courses. Upon this experiment, a qualitative survey was designed, in first part of which, three houses of three different architectural styles of contemporary work was given to pupils and they were asked to make judgments about them. Then in second part, they were asked to propose four main factor for a work of design upon which, it could be valued as “good architecture”. While this second part, was considered as theoretical survey, the first part, was perceived as a kind of inquiry of how the theory is applied. Findings are organized in four main parts: comprehensiveness of students’ views, their styles of thinking about design and their way of learning, their normative references in qualifying works of architecture and their normative viewpoints of the profession of architecture. A lack of cultural visions is obvious in students’ views and their anti- tradition orientation is arguable. Besides, this research shows rational bios in students’ style of thinking and analyzing works of design, while there is little improvement in their analytic ability in the fields related to aesthetics. This study, thus, shows: with a curriculum based on deductive methods, only “function” (or utilitas) of three Vitruvian elements (utilitas, firmitas, venustas), is well placed in students mind and so these courses are failed to fill the old gap – the matter of meaning in architecture- between people and architects. In their views about the profession of architecture, these students show that they are convinced about superiority of architecture upon other building professions as well as ordinary people; a fact that is a notion of a hidden curriculum. When we consider that these students are in teen ages, during which, values are confirmed in human mind, these courses’ importance and their need to be planned more carefully, is made clearer. It can be concluded that, under the impact of teachers’ curriculum in universities, these secondary school courses are inclined towards high school aims while, paradoxically, their educational method is remained deductive and this is a main obstacle for them to meet their purposes.از آنجا که منظر محیط مصنوع و نیز قضاوت جامعه در مورد «معماریِ خوب» ـ بویژه در شهرهای کوچکترِ ایران ـ متأثر از بخش بزرگی از بدنة جامعة حرفهای معماری، یعنی تکنسینهای معماری است، نگارنده با تکیه بر تجربة خود از تدریس برخی از این دروس و مباحث روانشناسی تربیتی و با طراحی پژوهشی پیمایشی که در آن قضاوت هنرجویان در مورد شاخصهای معماری خوب، به بررسی ساختار ذهنی و معیارهای قضاوتی که ناخودآگاه در ذهن این دسته از هنرجویان القا میشود و منشأ شکل گیری آنها در ذهن هنرجویان، پرداخته است. این نتایج نشانگر آن است عملکردگرایی در تحلیل وعدم قابلیت تحلیل عمیق و نیز ضعف در فهم زیباشناختی، از ویژگیهای این دسته است. بعلاوه دیدگاه نخبهگرایانة مستتردر آموزش معماری دانشگاهی، کمابیش در این حوزه هم نفوذ دارد و به این واسطه، آموزش این بخش از یکی از رسالتهای اصلی خود که کاهش فاصلة حرفة معماری و جامعه است، بازمانده است. شیوههای تفکر و رویکردهای یادگیری در هنرجویان هنرستانی برخلاف هدف اولیه، به سمت آموزشهای طراحانة دانشگاهی میل پیدا کرده و با این حال به دلیل اتکاء به کتاب درسی و عدم یادگیری مفاهیم آن در ضمن «عمل»، موضوعات ارائه شده، عمق پیدا نکرده است. به طور کلی ناکارآمدی سیستم آموزشی هنرستانها در انتقال مناسب ارزشهای معماری، یافتهای اساسی است که این نوشتار بر آن تأکید دارد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_25061_e76ff51b6c99a228135fdd7e197b488d.pdfپردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی2228-602034620110622Historical houses of Nadjaf
Physical knowledge and analysis (To revitalization of historical fabric )شناخت و تحلیل کالبدی خانههای شهر نجف اشرف در جهت باززندهسازی بافت قدیم شهر758625062FAسجادموذنکارشناس ارشد مرمت و احیاء بناها و بافتهای تاریخی و عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه صنعتی جندیشاپور،Journal Article19700101Nadjaf city is located in the southern part of Iraq that has warm and mid-humid climate. The temperature usually rises up to 60 centigrade in hot months. It has a significant effect on the local inhabitant's lifestyle that is appeared on the house designing. It is necessary to recognize socio-physical history of Najdaf ancient context in order that the life story of historical houses in Nadjaf is perceived. Circular ancient context of Nadjaf is one kilometre in diameter around an Imam -Ali shrine densely that recognized as the capital of Shiite world for more than 1000 years. Nadjaf theological school (Howz?h) was extended to the whole city, despite of the other Shiite religious cities of the world. On the other hand, historical city of Nadjaf had been designed gradually for the training, living and debate between religious students or pilgrims. As mentioned above, two major factors that affected Nadjaf historical architecture are climatic restrictions and particular lifestyle of residents who most of them were religious students in historical center of town. At recent decades, political conflict of Iraq government with Shiite belief and the weakening of Nadjaf as a center of of Shiite world causes the level of activity in theological school decreased gradually. Nevertheless, today theological schools thrive rapidly due to Shiite freedom once more in Iraq. Thus, the hope of deserted valuable houses preservation is revived. It is an important point that hasty prosperity without deep consideration in recent conditions of deserted valuable houses leads to demolition and reconstruction. Preservation of these houses is just possible with exact perceiving in historical houses of Nadjaf, and discovering architect’s intelligent solutions to human needs and converting climate limitations to opportunities otherwise uncontrolled economical development would abolish these vulnerable structures. Some valuable houses of historical context are studied in this article that resulting in discovering the residential architecture pattern of Nadjaf. 1. Basements, the writer emphasizes that through observing more than 70 houses in historical context of Nadjaf, a house without 1, 2 or 3 levels basements are not seen. 2. M?shr?beey?h, some wooden windows with pieces of colorful glasses that stick out up to 1 meter from elevation. 3. High rising iw?ns (up to 8 meters in height), with 2 wooden columns, and a three dimensional puzzle capitals. 4. Wooden facades around iw?n (non-conductor of heat). 5. Houses with small area, houses have the area between 20 up to 500 square meters. Due to high economic values of lands around shrine, the area of houses is small and courts with little squared plan are utilized. It appears that religious students and pilgrims would return to Nadjaf from whole Shiite world and providing appropriate places for occupancy is essential. Therefore the valuable hidden opportunities of historical houses would be taken, if they are utilized as residential places for religious students. Therefore by preserving historical houses as religious student homes, these noteworthy heritages would be protected, on the other hand human would be settled in worthy architectures thus people would recognize their values.معماری نجف که برای بیش از 1000سال مرکز جهان تشیع بشمار می??رفت، متأثر از دو محور، محدودیت?های اقلیمی (اقلیم گرم و نیمه?مرطوب و دمای بالا که در ماه?های گرم به بیش از 60 درجه می?رسد) و شکل خاص زندگی طلاب بود. با آزادی دوباره?ی شیعه در عراق، رونقی با شتاب در تحرک حوزه علمیه?ی این شهر -که در حوزه?ی نفوذی به اندازه?ی کل سطح شهر قدیم نجف است- به چشم می?خورد که امید زنده شدن مجدد خانه?های تاریخی متروک را بیدار می?کند. در این مقاله مطالعه?ای کالبدی بر روی چند خانه?ی باارزشِ بافت انجام گرفته که حاصل آن ارائهی الگوهای معماری مسکونی نجف (در جهت شناختی بهتر برای احیائی هماهنگتر با بنای موجود) است: 1. سرداب?ها 2. مشربیه 3. ایوان?های رفیع 4. سطح اشغال کم خانهها 5. تزئینات آجرکاری. تشابه و تقارب این الگوها با نمونههای مشابه در مرزهای سیاسی ایران امروز، نشانگر این است که معماری نجف جواب هوشمندانهی معماری ایرانی به شرایط خاص این شهر است. طلاب از سراسر جهان تشیع به نجف رو خواهند کرد؛ با احیای خانه?های تاریخی به عنوان مسکن طلاب، می?توان علاوه بر حفظ این میراث ارزشمند، طلاب را نیز در فضایی بسیار غنیتر از آنچه امروز به عنوان مدرسه ساخته می?شود، ساکن کرد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_25062_578f966c82b2e628ee072ccaac7e730f.pdf