موسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602031220260626Evaluation In Iran Urban and Regional Planning Research; A Systematic Reviewارزیابی در پژوهش های برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای ایران؛ مرور نظام مند92810794610.22059/jfaup.2026.399127.673104FAمحمدعلیحیدریدانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر ایران، تهران، ایران.0000-0001-9566-7497ناصربرک پوراستاد گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر ایران، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-2941-9812Journal Article20250804Evaluation is not a new phenomenon; humans have always engaged in judging and assessing their actions. Over the past six decades, significant attention has been paid to the theoretical foundations of evaluation in urban and regional planning, leading to the development of a wide array of concepts, theories, approaches, and methodologies. However, this diversity has led to significant theoretical and practical ambiguities. In response, various studies have emerged to classify and analyze the evolution of evaluation in urban and regional planning. The purpose of these studies is to identify the boundaries of evaluation knowledge in urban and regional planning and to identify the challenges facing evaluation. These classifications are typically based on the timing of evaluation, underlying planning theories, and the mechanisms of evaluation methods. Given this complexity, a systematic review of research in the field of urban and regional planning evaluation is essential for identifying strengths, existing challenges, and future research directions. Despite the global academic engagement with this topic, there has been a noticeable lack of systematic investigation within the national context. This article, therefore, seeks to fill that gap through a systematic quantitative and qualitative review of academic literature to address two main questions: which evaluation approaches have been most frequently employed by researchers, and what challenges does the field currently face. The study analyzes 86 selected scholarly articles using a systematic review approach. The research methodology is based on the model proposed by Xiao and Watson, which includes three main phases—planning the review, conducting the review, and reporting the findings—structured into eight steps —formulate the problem, develop the review protocol, search the literature, screen for inclusion, assess quality, extract data, analyze and synthesize data and report the findings— and adapted specifically for the field of urban and regional planning. The Findings indicate that evaluation is often treated merely as a technical tool rather than as a topic of critical inquiry. Most evaluation methods applied in the reviewed articles are repetitive and lack theoretical grounding. Furthermore, evaluation in urban and regional planning is predominantly quantitative in nature, physical oriented, subject-driven (focused on specific plans and programs), and heavily reliant on statistical analysis. The main weaknesses of urban and regional planning evaluation in Iran are: (1) Weakness in theoretical foundations and qualitative-oriented methodology and performance-oriented approach: Among ex-post evaluation approaches, performance-based approach has received limited attention. This is largely due to the blueprint nature of comprehensive plans, which align with conformance-based approaches. However, given their long-term role in guiding subsequent plans, their evaluation is essential. Weak qualitative methodologies and neglect of higher-level plan evaluation further constrain performance-based assessment; (2) Weakness in the theoretical foundations and methodology of on-going evaluation and quality measurement: Most studies assess the extent to which proposed land uses are realized, requiring the implementation period to be completed before evaluating success or failure. Consequently, on-going evaluation is often neglected, especially in comprehensive plans. Plan quality evaluation is recommended, as it enables content-based judgment, supports long term evaluation, and relies on well-established global methodologies; (3) Weakness in the theoretical foundations of the conformance-oriented approach: Although conformance-based evaluation dominates methodologies, its theoretical foundations remain weak, creating methodological challenges. Defining success and attributing outcomes to plans is complex due to external factors and uncertainty. Despite global advances refining conformance methods, including permit-based measures and mismatch classifications, limited theoretical development has constrained methodological diversity in national studies; (4) Weakness in spatial, social and political dimensions: Despite the widespread use of remote sensing, few studies employ GIS tools, relying mainly on land use comparisons. GIS can better reveal spatial mismatches and their drivers. Social aspects are also narrowly addressed, focusing on population forecasts. Moreover, evaluations are often topic-based rather than policy-oriented, weakening analysis of decision-making processes and policy impacts; (5) Weakness in establishing a relationship between planning theory and evaluation and, as a result, weakness in process-oriented evaluation: Planning encompasses process, plan, and outcome. Neglecting their interrelations has created gaps in process-oriented evaluation. Strengthening links between planning theory and evaluation approaches, alongside developing systematic frameworks, are essential for realistic assessment of urban and regional planning; and (6) Quantitativeness and excessive focus on statistical methods: Qualitative approaches offer deeper understanding and stronger theoretical sensitivity than quantitative methods, which dominate existing studies. Overreliance on statistics limits evaluative judgment. Methods such as grounded theory can better explain success or failure, addressing causes of mismatches. Excessive quantification neglects critical dimensions influencing urban and regional planning evaluation. As a suggestion to strengthen the evaluation steps in the theoretical foundations of urban and regional planning, evaluation itself should be recognized as a problem and challenge. Therefore, the view of the nature of evaluation should change from a methodological and instrumental perspective to a process-oriented, theory-oriented perspective, to provide an opportunity to develop methodologies appropriate to the country's planning system.ارزیابی برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای شامل مفاهیم، نظریه ها و روش های متنوعی است. این تنوع باعث گستردگی ابهامات نظری و عملی شده است. بررسی پژوهش ها در زمینه ارزیابی برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای می تواند نقاط قوت، چالش ها و جهت گیری های آتی مطالعاتی را مشخص کند. برخلاف آنچه در سطح جهانی رخ داده، در ایران از بررسی پژوهش های انجام‌شده در زمینه ارزیابی غفلت شده است. این مقاله با تکیه‌بر مرور نظام مند کمی و کیفی مقاله های علمی، سعی دارد به پرسش کدام رویکردها بیشتر موردتوجه محققان بوده، چه چالش هایی پیش روی ارزیابی است پاسخ دهد و جهت گیری مطالعات آتی را نشان دهد. این مقاله بر اساس مرور 86 مقاله در زمینه ارزیابی برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای شکل گرفته است. شیوه انجام تحقیق بر مبنای مدل مرور نظام مند جدیدی است که شامل سه مرحله اصلی برنامه ریزی مرور، انجام مرور و گزارش مرور است. این مدل متناسب با رشته برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای توسعه یافته است. با بررسی مقاله های انتخابی مشخص شد ارزیابی نه به‌عنوان یک مسئله قابل‌بحث بلکه به‌عنوان یک ابزار در نظر گرفته میشود. ضعف نظری، عدم تشریح تحولات و رویکردهای ارزیابی، ارزیابی کمی محور (77درصد)، کالبدمحور (61 بار تکرار)، موضوع محور (موضوعات طرح) و متکی بر تحلیل های آماری (21 بار تکرار) از ویژگی های اصلی مطالعات ارزیابی برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای کشور است.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_107946_cab3aa90833c7beb64c5d4e766189a1c.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602031220260626Developing a Comprehensive Conceptual Framework of Critical Success Factors in Public-Private Partnership Projectsتدوین چارچوب مفهومی جامع عوامل کلیدی موفقیت در پروژه مشارکت عمومی - خصوصی294410835410.22059/jfaup.2026.417381.673226FAامیرامیری دیبادانشجوی دکتری مدیریت پروژه و ساخت، دانشکده معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.0009-0009-8249-7850مجیدپرچمی جلالدانشیار گروه مدیریت پروژه و ساخت، دانشکده معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.0000-0001-9629-4530Journal Article20260512Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects have become one of the most widely adopted procurement approaches for delivering large-scale infrastructure worldwide. These arrangements are defined as long-term, performance-based contracts between public and private entities for the creation, renovation, or management of public assets, where the private party assumes significant financial and management risks in exchange for potential rewards. By leveraging private sector innovation and efficiency, PPPs seek to optimize public service delivery and bridge infrastructure funding gaps. However, due to their long-term nature, complex contractual structures, and inherent uncertainties, PPP projects frequently encounter significant obstacles leading to suboptimal outcomes or total failure. Therefore, the success of these projects is always associated with greater complexity than traditional procurement methods (such as Design-Bid-Build or Design-Build) and understanding the factors influencing PPP Project success is also more difficult. Many failures derive from a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding the multifaceted factors that drive project success. While previous studies have identified various Critical Success Factors (CSFs), most existing frameworks remain fragmented, focusing on either specific geographical regions, narrow stakeholder perspectives, or limited project phases. Existing literature often overlooks the crucial "soft" relational aspects, such as mutual trust, empathy, and collaborative governance, which are essential for maintaining long-term contractual harmony. Furthermore, most frameworks focus on a "Win-Win" relationship between the government and the investor, frequently neglecting the "social legitimacy" and public acceptance required for sustainability. The objective of this study is to bridge this knowledge gap by developing a comprehensive conceptual framework of CSFs for PPP projects. By synthesizing existing global knowledge, this study aims to provide a strategic roadmap with a 360-degree perspective for the project life cycle, ensuring that the needs of the public sector, private investors, and society are balanced. The study develops a comprehensive seven-dimensional conceptual framework comprising 25 thematic clusters of PPP critical success factors by employing a rigorous systematic literature review (SLR) combined with narrative analysis. The research followed a meticulous multi-stage process: (1) Identification of 1384 initial studies through major scientific databases, including Scopus and Google Scholar, covering the period from 2005 to 2025. (2) Systematic filtering based on quality criteria and direct relevance, resulting in a final sample of 111 high-quality papers. (3) Extraction of 1490 raw CSFs from the selected literature. (4) Repetitive process of qualitative coding and content analysis to merge synonymous terms and eliminate redundant factors. The synthesis process involved repeated conceptual labeling, semantic comparison, elimination of synonymous expressions, and refinement of overlapping concepts to establish a standardized vocabulary for subsequent thematic analysis. For instance, terms like "equitable risk sharing" and "optimal risk allocation" were consolidated into a single unit, while distinct concepts like "private partner financial capability" and "access to financial markets" were kept independent to maintain conceptual precision. The analysis resulted in the categorization of factors into 25 distinct thematic clusters organized into a "7-Dimensional Framework" (The 7Ps): Partnership, People, Policy, Private, Process, Project, and Public. The "Partnership" dimension focuses on relational governance, while "People" highlights social legitimacy. "Policy" refers to the enabling institutional environment, "Private" and "Public" address the internal capacities of the partners, and "Process" and "Project" cover the operational and technical feasibility. Statistical frequency analysis revealed that the top three clusters - "Feasibility Studies and Comprehensive Business Plans" (133 factors), "Macroeconomic Stability and Mature Financial Markets" (125 factors), and "Transparent and Competitive Bidding Processes" (99 factors) - emerged as the most frequently reported drivers of success. The high ranking of feasibility studies emphasizes that project success is determined during the preparation phase; without accurate demand forecasting and technical assessment, even the most capable partners cannot save a project from failure. Similarly, the importance of macroeconomic stability reflects the sensitivity of long-term investments to inflation and currency fluctuations. Notably, the emergence of "Social Support and Public Acceptance" as a top-tier cluster (76 factors) reflects the increasing emphasis on social sustainability in recent PPP research. Without public legitimacy, projects face resistance and protests that can lead to complete termination. The proposed framework offers a significant contribution to PPP theory and practice by integrating "Hard Factors" like legal frameworks and technical capabilities with "Soft Factors" like trust, commitment, and transparency. By establishing the "People" dimension as an independent pillar, the framework supports a broader perspective that extends the traditional "Win-Win" (Public-Private) model to a "Win-Win-Win" (Public-Private-People) paradigm. This study demonstrates that PPP success is a multidimensional phenomenon resulting from the interaction of institutional, relational, social, and operational factors. The 7P framework serves as a strategic "backbone" rather than a mere list of factors, providing a roadmap for practitioners to navigate the project lifecycle from inception to transfer (project preparation, procurement, financing, construction, operation, contract management, and long-term partnership governance). This framework provides a structured basis for evaluating, planning, and managing PPP projects while supporting future empirical and decision-making studies.پروژه‌های مشارکت عمومی - خصوصی به دلیل ماهیت بلندمدت، پیچیدگی روابط قراردادی و نااطمینانی‌های محیطی، همواره با چالش‌های متعددی مواجه هستند که در موارد قابل‌توجهی منجر به عدم دستیابی به اهداف معین می‌گردد؛ بنابراین همواره موفقیت پروژه‌های مزبور با پیچیدگی بیشتری نسبت به پروژه‌های متعارف پیمانکاری همراه است و درک عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت آن‌ها نیز دشوارتر است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین چارچوب مفهومی جامع از عوامل کلیدی موفقیت (CSFs) در پروژه‌های مشارکت عمومی - خصوصی انجام شده تا الگویی ساختاریافته با دیدگاه ۳۶۰ درجه‌ای برای مدیریت چرخه عمر کامل این پروژه‌ها فراهم آورد. پژوهش با استفاده از روش مرور نظام‌مند ادبیات و تحلیل روایت، به بررسی عمیق ۱۱۱ پژوهش معتبر منتشرشده در بازه زمانی ۲۰۰۵ تا ۲۰۲۵ پرداخته است. در این مسیر، ۱۴۹۰ عامل کلیدی موفقیت پروژه استخراج و طی فرایندهای تکرارپذیر شناسه‌گذاری و تحلیل محتوایی، پالایش و تلفیق شدند. حاصل این تحلیل منجر به شناسایی ۲۵ خوشه موضوعی مستقل در قالب ابعاد هفت‌گانه کلان (چارچوب 7P) شامل مشارکت (Partnership)، مردم (People)، سیاست‌گذاری (Policy)، بخش خصوصی (Private)، فرایند (Process)، پروژه (Project) و بخش عمومی (Public) شد. چارچوب ارائه‌شده با تلفیق معیارهای ساختاری (سخت) و رفتاری (نرم)، ابعاد ابزاری، عقلانی و نهادی مشارکت را فراتر از مناسبات صرفاً فنی - مالی تبیین می‌نماید.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_108354_db2e31f765523070bb7d5caded33293d.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602031220260927The Category of Architecture in Private Documents of the Qājār Period: A Structural Semantic Analysisمقولۀ معماری در اسناد مردمی دورۀ قاجار: تحلیلی مبتنی‌بر معنی‌شناسی ساخت‌گرا456010813210.22059/jfaup.2026.412900.673180FAعلیاسدپوردانشیار گروه مطالعات معماری ایران، دانشکدۀ معماری و مرمّت، دانشگاه هنر شیراز، شیراز، ایران.0000-0002-6837-0804Journal Article20260417Private’s documents, as linguistic representations, embody part of people’s lived experience and also contain elements of historical concepts. These documents have received far less attention from scholars of Iranian architectural history than official, royal, chancery, and similar documentary sources, largely because documents of everyday life seldom refer to monumental buildings or enduring urban complexes. Moreover, historical documents are most often consulted in architectural studies for the purpose of constructing historical narratives, whereas their linguistic features contain forms of architectural knowledge that are not narrative in nature. Overall, the aim of previous studies has not been to understand the process through which a mental concept is transformed into a linguistic reality, nor have these studies considered language in terms of its units and structures as part of their research process. None of these studies has sought to examine how architectural categories are understood, organized, and constructed in documents, or to demonstrate how such conceptual structures can represent part of society's understanding of architectural categories. The present study aims to identify the linguistic structure underlying the understanding and representation of the category of architecture in Qājār-period documents. To this end, it employs concepts from structural semantics and subsequently interprets the findings in light of conceptual history. The study addresses two questions: How do these documents approach the category of architecture from the perspective of structural semantics? What new insights do they provide into the popular understanding of the category of architecture during the Qājār period? The research adopts a qualitative approach with content analysis method. A corpus of seventy-six private documents related to Shiraz during the Qājār period was examined in the archives of the National Library and Archives of Iran and the Women's Worlds in Qājār Irān Digital Archives. In the first stage, all documents were examined in their entirety. The words related to the category of architecture were then extracted from the content component of each document as the primary data. Since the objective was to identify the relationships among words, their frequency of occurrence was not considered a criterion for analysis. In the next stage, five principal categories were identified within the documents. By determining the position of the elements of each category along the syntagmatic axis and their alternatives along the associative axis, it became possible to examine the relationships among these elements on the basis of concepts drawn from structural semantics. To reconstruct the concept of the category of architecture, this study draws upon a network of concepts and lexical items that appear in the documents around the subject of the building. This network is the product of syntagmatic and associative (paradigmatic) axes arising from the positions occupied by these concepts and lexical items. This section is referred to as the synchronic reconstruction of the conceptual structure of the category of architecture, which serves as a substitute for the semantic field in conventional approaches to conceptual history. Since the majority of the documents examined in this study date from the final decades of the Qājār period, the saddle period, understood here as the interval between the Qājār period and the present, serves as the temporal horizon. This section of the study adopts a diachronic approach. The analysis revealed a process of the establishment and determination of the category of architecture, comprising: (1) establishment, (2) individuation, (3) attribution, (4) determination, and the identification of associated attributes. These findings were interpreted through two dimensions—establishment and determination—which demonstrate: the primacy of space over the building; the construction of the category of house on the basis of divided and undivided property (shaped by exchange value and the divisibility of the building); the definition of a building's limits through adjacent properties and a site-oriented perspective (based on an individual's position within the building); the attribution of buildings to persons and to the city; and the naming of buildings according to their attributes or characteristics. The status of space vis-à-vis the building, as reflected in the tripartite distinction among “land,” “building,” and “space” in Qājār architectural knowledge, no longer exists today. The determination of a building's boundaries through adjacency, based on a topological understanding that takes the individual's position within the building as its point of departure and relies on the sun's movement and the direction of the qibla for orientation, represents another conception of the determinative domain of the architectural category. Thus, understanding the architectural category through the documents reveals complex layers involving people, the city, and other buildings, which differ from the contemporary understanding of the building as a whole or as a legal and artistic entity. This study focuses exclusively on Shiraz and the Qājār period. It is hoped that future researchers will examine the category of architecture in documents from other periods and geographical regions of Iran, thereby contributing to a fuller understanding of what is referred to as Iranian architecture and its history.اسناد مردمی به‌عنوان بازنمودهایی زبان‌شناختی، حامل بخشی از تجربۀ زیستۀ مردم هستند و پاره‌ای از مفاهیم تاریخی را نیز در خود جای داده‌اند. هدف پژوهش کنونی استخراج ساختار زبانیِ فهم و بازنمایی مقولۀ معماری در این دسته از اسناد است. این کار با استفاده از مفاهیم معنی‌شناسی ساخت‌گرا انجام‌شده و سپس با الهام از تاریخ مفهوم خصوصیات آن تبیین شده است. پرسش اصلی این است که ساختار زبانی مواجهۀ اسناد مردمی روزگار قاجار با مقولۀ معماری چه معرفت تازه‌ای در خود دارد؟ رویکرد این پژوهش، کیفی و مبتنی بر روش تحلیل محتوا است؛ بدین منظور، 76 سند مردمیِ مرتبط با شهر شیراز در دورۀ قاجار (موجود در آرشیوهای سازمان اسناد و کتابخانۀ ملی ایران و دنیای زنان عصر قاجار) بازخوانی و تحلیل شدند. تحلیل داده‌ها نشان میدهد که «فرآیند تأسیس و تعیُّن مقولۀ معماری» در ذهنیّت قاجاری، الگویی پنج‌گانه شامل تأسیس، تشخّص، تعلُّق، تعیُّن و احصای متعلَّقات دارد. یافته‌ها در دو ساحت تأسیسی و تعیُّنی تبیین شدند که نشان‌دهندۀ «شأنیت فضا در مقابل عمارت»، «ساخت مقولۀ خانه بر پایۀ مفروز و غیرمفروز» (متأثر از ارزش مبادله‌ای و قابلیت بخش‌پذیری بنا)، «تعیین حدود بنا بر پایۀ هم‌جواری‌ها و نگاه موضع‌شناسانه» (برپایۀ موقعیت فرد در بنا)، «تعلُّق بنا به شخص و شهر» و «نامیدن آن به صفات یا ویژگی‌ها» هستند.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_108132_7af79e7cd2aeb009a51b6a421d8cb970.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602031220260626Exploring Unauthorized Urban Construction Considering the Concept of Nomotropism: The Case of Ahmadieh Town in District 19 of Tehranواکاوی ساخت‌وساز شهری غیرمجاز از منظر مفهوم نوموتروپیسم: نمونه شهرک احمدیه در منطقه 19 شهر تهران617610794510.22059/jfaup.2026.416021.673210FAپارسااربابدانشیار، گروه برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت شهری، دانشکده شهرسازی، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران0000-0002-5104-1051مسعودرحیمیکارشناس ارشد مدیریت شهری، گروه برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت شهری، دانشکده شهرسازی، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران0009-0004-7699-6112محمدصالحشکوهی بیدهندیاستادیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران0000-0002-8472-270XJournal Article20260407Despite numerous studies, unauthorized urban construction in Iran has not yet been analyzed from the perspective of nomotropism, a concept that focuses on acting in light of rules—a condition in which actors move beyond the conventional legal–illegal dichotomy. Rather than simply ignoring the law or engaging in outright lawbreaking, they make calculated decisions regarding the law and orient their actions in its shadow or in relation to it. The manifestations of such nomotropic behavior can be explained through a fivefold typology: hidden construction (e.g., using plants or high walls to conceal violations), overnight construction (completing structures rapidly to complicate legal removal), unfinished construction (intentionally slowing work to avoid proportional fines), non-compliant construction (obtaining permits but deviating from approved plans), and unpermitted construction (building without permits but expecting future legalization). To these must be added speculative land subdivision and the expectation of amnesty for violations. The case study is Ahmadieh Town, located in Zone 3 of District 19 of Tehran, where construction violations became particularly prominent following a fatal incident, known as Khalazir. District 19 of Tehran covers 2,036 hectares with a population of 271,000. It contains extensive barren lands spanning more than 200 hectares, including over 30 inactive brick kilns, alongside social issues such as homelessness. Zone 3, encompassing approximately 760 hectares, was historically used for agriculture but gradually encroached upon by scrap yards and was largely converted illegally. Of this area, about 430 hectares are endowed lands under the trusteeship of Marvi School, including Ahmadieh Town and the Khalazir scrap market. In August 2023, Tehran Municipality demolished part of the unauthorized constructions in this area pursuant to a judicial order, resulting in several fatalities from collapsed buildings.The research was conducted through thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 17 urban planning experts, academics, residents, and informed individuals, selected via purposive snowball sampling. The findings indicate that the municipality’s failure to intervene promptly is the most significant factor perpetuating construction violations. This situation precisely exemplifies nomotropic behavior: violators act not out of ignorance or poverty, but based on subjective and objective acquired rights in the shadow of a possible future halt, amnesty, or legalization. From a nomotropic perspective, the law remains effective—not through obedience, but through avoidance of punishment and playing with time. Furthermore, several interviewees pointed to the semantic and functional nature of the verb “may” in Article 100 of the Municipality Law. The optional character of this verb has created a structural fragility. In this context, prevention is not treated as a definitive duty but as an option available to the municipality. This legal ambiguity provides fertile ground for nomotropic behaviors, because the violator always considers the possibility that the municipality “might not intervene or prevent for now.” Moreover, all five manifestations of nomotropic behavior in unauthorized urban construction are present in the case of Ahmadieh Town: night construction and the use of barren lands adjacent to the kilns (indicating hidden construction), the immediate and uninterrupted erection of building skeletons without adherence to engineering principles (indicating overnight construction), the abandonment of some constructions (indicating unfinished construction), constructions exceeding four floors in contradiction to the municipality’s implicit decision (indicating non-compliant construction), and the absence of building permits (indicating unpermitted construction). These are compounded by the land’s endowment status, illegal subdivision, and amnesty expectations—explicit or implicit—fueled by official silence or discretionary enforcement.Accordingly, unauthorized urban construction is a multi-causal phenomenon resulting from the complex interaction among laws, institutions, economic interests, and actors’ opportunistic behavior. Untimely decision-making, endowment lands with illegal lot splitting, procedural flaws in the Article 5 Commission, information leakage before plan approval, lack of enforcement guarantees under Article 100 of the Municipal Law, the municipality’s financial dependence on construction, and overly stringent standards together create fertile ground for the nomotropic behavior of rent-seekers. Besides, this study expands nomotropism to the institutional level, showing that not only individuals but also institutions such as the municipality (through omission or inaction), the Provincial Security Council (through demolition-ban resolutions), the Article 5 Commission (through incomplete and non-transparent approvals), and endowments (through illegal subdivisions and creating false tenure security) can exhibit nomotropic behavior. The following solutions are proposed based on the findings: 1. formulating laws with a nomotropic impact assessment; 2. reforming Article 5 Commission procedures and ensuring referral of approvals to the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture; 3. amending Article 100 of the Municipality Law to change “may prevent” to “is obliged to prevent immediately”; 4. managing municipal revenue dependency on construction to reduce “amnesty-with-fine” incentives; 5. reforming and expediting bureaucratic procedures; 6. revising unrealistic minimum construction area standards; 7. prohibiting utility connections to unauthorized constructions; 8. voiding any promissory note transactions on properties without permits or non-compliant with permits; 9. preventing illegal subdivisions by endowments through requiring official permits from the municipality. Future research should conduct comparative studies, analyze acquired rights and amnesty expectations, and explore nomotropism in other urban planning domains.با وجود پژوهش‌های متعدد، فرایند ساخت‌وساز شهری غیرمجاز در ایران تاکنون از منظر مفهوم نوموتروپیسم واکاوی نشده است که به عمل در پرتو قانون توجه دارد؛ جایی که کنشگران با عبور از دوگانه قانونی-غیرقانونی، به‌جای نادیده‌گرفتن قانون یا قانون‌شکنی آشکار، قانون را محاسبه کرده و در سایه یا نسبت با آن، جهت‌دهی می‌شوند. مصادیق این رفتار نوموتروپیک، در قالب دسته‌بندی پنج‌گانه شامل ساخت‌وساز پنهان، ساخت‌وساز یک‌شبه، ساخت‌وساز ناتمام، ساخت‌وساز مغایر و ساخت‌وساز بی‌مجوز، قابل تبیین است که تفکیک سوداگرانه زمین و انتظار عفو احتمالی نسبت به تخلف را نیز باید به آن‌ها افزود. موردمطالعه، شهرک احمدیه واقع در منطقه 19 تهران است که تخلفات ساختمانی در آن با حادثه منجر به فوت موسوم به خلازیر، برجسته شد. پژوهش از نوع کاربردی با ماهیت کیفی است و با تحلیل مضمون محتوای مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با کارشناسان شهرسازی، استادان دانشگاه و ساکنان مطلع، دنبال شده است. یافته‌ها گویای آن است که مهم‌ترین عامل تداوم تخلفات، عدم جلوگیری به‌موقع شهرداری است. این وضعیت دقیقاً مصداق رفتار نوموتروپیک است؛ متخلفان نه به دلیل ناآگاهی یا فقر، بلکه به‌واسطه حقوق مکتسبه در سایه احتمال توقف، عفو یا قانونی‌سازی آتی، اقدام به ساخت کرده‌اند. بر این اساس، ساخت‌وساز شهری غیرمجاز، پدیده‌ای چندعلتی و محصول تعامل پیچیده قوانین، نهادها، منافع اقتصادی و رفتار حسابگرانه کنشگران است.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_107945_05c424e8f40820a4174cda24ec338f42.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602031220260723Exploring the Formation of Social Taste in Architectureتبیین سازوکارهای اجتماعی شکلگیری سلیقۀ معماری799210823410.22059/jfaup.2026.412603.673177FAنادیهایمانیاستاد گروه معماری داخلی، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر ایران، تهران، ایران.0000-0002-9329-1331فاطمهمیرزائیدانشجوی دکتری معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر ایران، تهران، ایران.0000-0003-0249-5951حسامسلامتدکتری جامعه شناسی، گروه جامعه شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.0009-0009-9492-9251Journal Article20260421The experience of architecture almost inevitably leads to aesthetic evaluation, yet the mechanisms underlying this process remain theoretically fragmented across philosophy, psychology, and sociology. Although taste has long been used to explain architectural evaluation, it has variously been understood as an individual disposition, a universal aesthetic faculty, or a socially conditioned preference. Consequently, no integrated conceptual framework adequately explains how architectural experience becomes aesthetic judgment through the interaction of individual agency, architectural objects, and social structures. This study therefore employs taste not as its primary object of inquiry, but as a theoretical concept for explaining this evaluative process.The study therefore aims to reconceptualize the notion of architectural taste by integrating philosophical, psychological, and sociological perspectives into a coherent conceptual model. More specifically, it addresses the following question: How does the experience of encountering architecture become transformed into aesthetic evaluation through the interaction among individual agency, architectural objects, and social structures? Answering this question requires moving beyond disciplinary boundaries and reconsidering taste not as an isolated mental property but as a multidimensional aesthetic practice emerging within lived experience.Methodologically, this study adopts a qualitative, interdisciplinary approach based on conceptual analysis and comparative review of theoretical literature. It synthesizes classical and contemporary scholarship in philosophical aesthetics, empirical aesthetics, environmental psychology, cognitive psychology, sociology of taste, and cultural theory. Philosophical perspectives are examined through debates on aesthetic judgment, psychological studies through perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and embodied processes, and sociological theories from Bourdieu's concept of social distinction to contemporary approaches emphasizing agency, practice, and embodiment. Particular attention is given to Arsel and Bean's Foucauldian concept of taste regimes as a framework for explaining the social production and reproduction of aesthetic norms.The analysis demonstrates that architectural taste cannot adequately be understood from any single disciplinary perspective. Philosophically, taste provides the conceptual conditions through which architecture becomes meaningful and aesthetically judged. Competing architectural theories and aesthetic traditions shape different criteria for evaluating architectural works and therefore influence the intellectual framework within which judgments are formed. Psychologically, taste is not merely a subjective preference but an embodied cognitive process involving perception, emotion, memory, prior experience, cultural background, and learned aesthetic competencies. Architectural evaluation emerges through the interaction between the perceiving individual, the physical environment, and contextual factors rather than from the architectural object alone.From a sociological perspective, the study argues that taste functions simultaneously as an aesthetic practice and as a social process. Earlier sociological theories, particularly Bourdieu's, interpreted taste primarily as a marker of social distinction and class position. Contemporary scholarship, however, increasingly shifts attention from asking what taste signifies toward examining how taste is socially produced and reproduced. Within this perspective, architectural taste develops through continuous interaction between individual agency and broader cultural structures rather than being determined exclusively by either. Individuals actively cultivate aesthetic competencies, while institutions, educational systems, media, markets, brands, digital platforms, and professional discourses collectively organize the conditions under which architectural judgments become possible.Drawing upon Arsel and Bean's interpretation of Foucauldian theory, the study further conceptualizes architectural taste through the notion of taste regimes. Taste regimes are understood as discursive, normative, and structural networks that organize aesthetic practice by defining desirable forms of perception, evaluation, and engagement with architectural objects. These regimes operate through interrelated mechanisms of problematization, ritualization, and instrumentalization, thereby transforming dispersed individual preferences into socially meaningful aesthetic practices. Rather than directly determining individual choices, taste regimes establish the conditions within which aesthetic agency is exercised. Consequently, architectural taste emerges through an ongoing reciprocal relationship among social structures, individual actors, and architectural objects, each continuously shaping and reshaping the others.The principal contribution of this study is the development of an integrated conceptual model that reconstructs architectural taste as a dynamic process rather than a fixed attribute of either individuals or buildings. The proposed framework identifies three inseparable dimensions of architectural experience: individual agency, architectural objects, and social structures. Architectural evaluation is interpreted as the outcome of the continuous interaction among these three dimensions, rather than the product of any single one of them. This reconceptualization expands the theoretical scope of architectural taste beyond traditional debates concerning beauty, preference, or social distinction by emphasizing aesthetic practice, embodied experience, and the social production of evaluation.The study concludes that architectural taste should not be understood simply as an individual's preference, a property of architecture, or a direct reflection of social class. Instead, it represents the aesthetic process through which architectural experience acquires meaning and value within specific social and cultural contexts. By integrating philosophical, psychological, and sociological approaches into a unified conceptual framework, the study provides a theoretical foundation for future empirical investigations of architectural taste and offers a broader understanding of contemporary architectural experience, particularly regarding the interaction between agency, materiality, and the social organization of aesthetic judgment.تجربۀ مواجهۀ با اثر معماری همواره به‌نوعی ارزیابی زیبایی شناختی می انجامد، اما سازوکار آن همچنان محل بحث است. «سلیقه»، به‌عنوان یکی از مفاهیم کلیدی در تبیین این فرایند، غالباً امری فردی تلقی شده است؛ حال آنکه بررسی ها نشان میدهد سلیقه در بستر سازوکارهای اجتماعی، فرهنگی و گفتمانی شکل می گیرد. مقالۀ حاضر با هدف بازخوانی مفهوم سلیقۀ معماری، در پی پاسخ به این پرسش است که چگونه می توان سازوکارهای شکلگیری سلیقۀ معماری را تبیین کرد. این تحقیق با بهره گیری از تحلیل مفهومی و بازخوانی تطبیقی دیدگاه های فلسفی، روان شناختی و جامعه شناختی، چارچوبی مفهومی برای تبیین شکل گیری سلیقۀ معماری صورت بندی میکند. یافته های تحقیق نشان میدهد که سلیقۀ معماری نه صرفاً ویژگی‌ای ثابت در فرد یا اثر معماری و نه پیامدی منفعل از ساختارهای اجتماعی است؛ بلکه فرایندی پویا است که در تعامل مداوم میان عاملیت فردی، اثر معماری و ساختارهای اجتماعی شکل میگیرد. پس سلیقه به‌مثابۀ کنشی زیبایی‌شناختی، چارچوبی مفهومی را برای تبیین چگونگی تبدیل تجربۀ مواجهه با معماری به ارزیابی زیبایی‌شناختی و معناگذاری اجتماعی فراهم می‌آورد و توجه را از ارزش‌گذاری انواع سلیقه به تحلیل سازوکارها و فرایندهای تولید و بازتولید آن معطوف می‌سازد. بدین ترتیب، مقاله با بازخوانی سلیقۀ معماری در پیوند میان تجربه، عاملیت و ساختار، مبنایی نظری برای تحلیل تجربۀ معماری و پژوهش های آتی در این حوزه فراهم می آورد.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_108234_7dd206f9e2a846a554cce478b126424c.pdfموسسه انتشارات دانشگاه تهراننشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی2228-602031220260626From Fragmented Space to Integrated Perception: A Framework for "Spatial Coherence" in Educational Environments for Children with Autism Utilizing Spatial Sequencing Geometryاز کالبد منقطع تا ادراک یکپارچه: تدوین چارچوب «انسجام فضایی» در محیط‌های آموزشی کودکان دارای اوتیسم بر پایه هندسه توالی فضا9310510888510.22059/jfaup.2026.416662.673215FAمریمکلامیاستادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.0009-0007-7552-3067فائزهفضائلیکارشناس ارشد گروه معماری، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.0009-0006-7410-2351Journal Article20260409Accurate environmental perception constitutes a fundamental prerequisite for adaptive behavior in architectural settings. Rather than functioning as a neutral physical container, the built environment actively shapes perception, cognition, and behavioral responses through the organization of sensory stimuli and spatial relationships. This issue is particularly significant for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), whose atypical sensory processing and cognitive characteristics may alter how environmental information is perceived, organized, and interpreted. Difficulties in filtering sensory inputs, distinguishing figure from background, integrating fragmented perceptual cues, and constructing coherent mental representations may prevent these children from understanding the functional meaning of spaces. Consequently, environments that are manageable for neurotypical users may become confusing, stressful, or behaviorally challenging for children with autism. Although previous studies have emphasized sensory-friendly environments and architectural interventions, limited attention has been devoted to explaining the cognitive mechanism through which architectural organization transforms fragmented sensory experiences into meaningful environmental perception. Addressing this theoretical gap constitutes the primary motivation of this research.Accordingly, this study investigates how architectural environments can be systematically organized according to the sensory and cognitive characteristics of children with autism to facilitate meaningful environmental perception and promote adaptive behavioral responses. The research examines how environmental stimuli may be calibrated for conditions of both sensory hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity while supporting perceptual integration, environmental comprehension, orientation, and behavioral regulation. Rather than proposing isolated design recommendations, the study develops a process-oriented framework explaining the relationship between sensory inputs, cognitive processing, spatial organization, environmental meaning, and behavioral outcomes.The research adopts a qualitative descriptive–analytical methodology based on an extensive review and synthesis of interdisciplinary literature in environmental psychology, cognitive psychology, autism studies, neuroscience, and architectural design. Behavioral characteristics associated with autism were comparatively analyzed alongside theoretical concepts concerning environmental perception, Gestalt psychology, environmental affordances, classical conditioning, behavioral settings, person–environment fit, spatial legibility, and sensory processing. Through analytical cross-comparison, behavioral impairments were categorized into three interconnected domains: sensory–motor, communicative–social, and cognitive–perceptual. These categories served as the basis for identifying architectural challenges and extracting design principles capable of reducing perceptual disturbances while supporting participation, learning, and adaptive behavior.The findings indicate that behavioral challenges experienced by children with autism can be systematically addressed through three complementary architectural principles. The first, sensory-oriented spatial design, focuses on regulating environmental stimuli through balanced lighting, calibrated color intensity, acoustic control, tactile materials, visual complexity, and separation of sensory zones, thereby reducing sensory overload and cognitive burden. The second, spatial patterning, emphasizes the controlled simulation of familiar behavioral settings, such as home, school, and everyday environments, to develop stable cognitive representations supporting social participation, learning, and behavioral generalization. The third, spatial sequencing, organizes spaces into predictable and progressively structured sequences that guide children through sensory, functional, and social transitions.The conceptual synthesis of these three principles leads to the introduction of spatial coherence as the theoretical contribution of the study. Spatial coherence is defined as an architectural condition in which sensory regulation, spatial organization, functional clarity, and cognitive predictability collectively facilitate Gestalt environmental perception. Instead of treating sensory stimulation, behavioral training, and spatial organization as independent concerns, the proposed framework demonstrates that these components operate synergistically within a continuous perceptual process. In this perspective, architecture becomes an active mediator that supports cognitive organization, environmental learning, and behavioral adaptation rather than merely accommodating behavioral needs.To operationalize this framework, the study proposes linear spatial organization as an architectural strategy for therapeutic and educational environments designed for children with autism. Linear organization provides a clear and sequential spatial structure that minimizes perceptual ambiguity and supports environmental adaptation. The sequential arrangement of private, semi-private, and public spatial zones allows sensory intensity, complexity, and social interaction to increase or decrease progressively according to users' perceptual capacities. Transitional spaces can prepare children for changes in sensory stimulation or social demands. This organization enables children to construct coherent environmental meanings step by step, transforming isolated sensory experiences into integrated cognitive representations while reducing anxiety associated with unpredictable environmental transitions.The principal innovation of this research lies in establishing a process-based theoretical framework that translates the cognitive characteristics of autism into coherent architectural design principles. By integrating sensory-oriented design, spatial patterning, and spatial sequencing within the overarching concept of spatial coherence, the study explains the cognitive mechanism through which architectural environments influence perception and adaptive behavior. Consequently, architecture is redefined as an educational and therapeutic medium capable of facilitating cognitive development, environmental comprehension, behavioral regulation, and independent functioning. The proposed framework provides practical guidance for architects, educators, therapists, and rehabilitation specialists seeking to create inclusive environments that respond to sensory profiles while improving spatial understanding, behavioral adaptation, independent functioning, and participation in everyday activities. Furthermore, it establishes a foundation for future interdisciplinary research and evidence-based architectural design strategies aimed at enhancing environmental perception and quality of life for children with ASD.ادراک صحیح و معناشناختی محیط، شرط اساسی شکلگیری رفتارهای سازگارانه در فضاست؛ بااین‌حال، کودکان دارای اوتیسم به دلیل اختلال در پردازش محرکهای حسی و فرایندهای شناختی، فضا را به‌صورت مجموعه‌ای منقطع و فاقد معنای گشتالتی تجربه می‌کنند. این پژوهش به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش است که چگونه می‌توان از طریق سازمان‌دهی هدفمند مؤلفه‌ها و محرکهای محیطی، فرایند ادراکِ کلِ منسجم را در این کودکان تسهیل کرد. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و روش توصیفی - تحلیلی بر روی اسناد متون روان‌شناسی و معماری انجام شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان میدهد که با تحلیل سه‌لایه اختلالات رفتاری این کودکان (حسی - حرکتی، ارتباطی - اجتماعی و شناختی - ادراکی)، می‌توان به سه وجه متناظر شامل «حسی بودن فضا»، «الگوسازی در فضا» و «توالی فضایی» دست یافت. تحلیل این اصول آشکار می‌سازد که فصل مشترک آن‌ها در کانسپت «انسجام فضایی» تجلی می‌یابد که قابلیت عینی‌سازی از طریق «سازمان‌دهی خطی در معماری» را می‌تواند داشته باشد. براین‌اساس، طراحی باتکیه‌بر هندسه توالی فضا و عرصه‌بندی سه‌گانه مسیر (خصوصی، نیمه‌خصوصی و عمومی) به همراه ایجاد روندهای حسی صعودی یا نزولی، بار شناختی ذهن کودک را کاهش میدهد. در نهایت، این چارچوب فرایندمحور، ادراک کودک را از تجربه‌ای ناخوشایند به‌سوی درک معنادار محیط هدایت کرده و زمینه استقلال رفتاری و یادگیری مؤثر را تقویت میکند.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_108885_1883c266694b5ae60fa7d42a1b08c310.pdf