University Of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602029220240621DURABILITY AND DYNAMISM OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IN RECENT RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES (CASE STUDY: KERMANSHAH RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES FROM 1980)DURABILITY AND DYNAMISM OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IN RECENT RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES (CASE STUDY: KERMANSHAH RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES FROM 1980)72210071910.22059/jfaup.2025.378222.672987FAMoeinAghaeimehrAssistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Urbanism,
National University of Skills (NUS), Tehran, Iran.GharehbaglouMinooProfessor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic
Art University, Tabriz, Iran.Mohammad TaghiPirbabaeiProfessor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic
Art University, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20240626Cultural identity and the analysis of its dimensions and components are among the most important issues facing developing societies. There are many studies in this field, but no reliable theoretical knowledge has been written, that can provide practical models for the durability and dynamism of cultural identity and illustrate its relationship with architecture. The importance of studying the issue of identity in residential areas is reflected in the impressive changes in the architecture and urban planning of cities in the21st century. Developments in residential spaces are gradually doubling after land reform, urban population growth, and the use of new construction technologies. Kermanshah is one of the developing metropolises that has undergonemany changes since developments of the Pahlavi period. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between cultural identity and architecture of residential spaces and explain the position of durability and dynamism within this relationship.<br />Based on Structuration theory, architecture acts as a social system of reproduction (reflection) of structure, and culture operates as the structure of residential spaces. Structures are "validated" affairs that humans create in interaction with phenomena and the environment, which are continuously recreated and reproduced in the context of society and everyday life. In this approach, structuration is the conditions governing the continuity or deformation of structures, and identity is representation of social systems. Thus, the analysis of the structural principles of systems focuses on methods of identification and distinguishing identity. If rules and resources that make up a system are discovered in the structures, all its components could be explained in its reproduction. The case study focuses on residential spaces in a part of 22 Bahman district of Kermanshah and tracks its evolution since 1978.Residential spaces in this research are investigated in four types: primitive villas, recent villas, primitive apartments, and newer apartments. Then, by conceptualizing in three categories--individual attitude, social attitude and human attitude towards nature and the environment--and by interviewing the inhabitants of residential spaces, the degree and correlation of durability and dynamism between the sources and rules of cultural identity and residential spaces are analyzed and evaluated. The relation between components of durability and dynamism of cultural identity and architecture of residential spaces is then illustrated by charts and tables. Based on the research findings, regarding the durability and dynamism of cultural identity in relation to the architecture of residential spaces in Kermanshah in recent decades, it can be said that from the 1980 AD until now, the durability of the cultural identity of the family and the architecture of residential spaces has gradually decreased and their dynamism has increased exponentially. As for the relationship between the cultural identity and architecture of residential spaces, we argue that although this dynamism is stronger and weaker in some components, it is often analogous in the family culture and the structure of the residential space. In this regard, the contradictory components between the durability and dynamism of cultural identity and the architecture have been revealed in the form of residents' dissatisfaction.Cultural identity and the analysis of its dimensions and components are among the most important issues facing developing societies. There are many studies in this field, but no reliable theoretical knowledge has been written, that can provide practical models for the durability and dynamism of cultural identity and illustrate its relationship with architecture. The importance of studying the issue of identity in residential areas is reflected in the impressive changes in the architecture and urban planning of cities in the21st century. Developments in residential spaces are gradually doubling after land reform, urban population growth, and the use of new construction technologies. Kermanshah is one of the developing metropolises that has undergonemany changes since developments of the Pahlavi period. The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between cultural identity and architecture of residential spaces and explain the position of durability and dynamism within this relationship.<br />Based on Structuration theory, architecture acts as a social system of reproduction (reflection) of structure, and culture operates as the structure of residential spaces. Structures are "validated" affairs that humans create in interaction with phenomena and the environment, which are continuously recreated and reproduced in the context of society and everyday life. In this approach, structuration is the conditions governing the continuity or deformation of structures, and identity is representation of social systems. Thus, the analysis of the structural principles of systems focuses on methods of identification and distinguishing identity. If rules and resources that make up a system are discovered in the structures, all its components could be explained in its reproduction. The case study focuses on residential spaces in a part of 22 Bahman district of Kermanshah and tracks its evolution since 1978.Residential spaces in this research are investigated in four types: primitive villas, recent villas, primitive apartments, and newer apartments. Then, by conceptualizing in three categories--individual attitude, social attitude and human attitude towards nature and the environment--and by interviewing the inhabitants of residential spaces, the degree and correlation of durability and dynamism between the sources and rules of cultural identity and residential spaces are analyzed and evaluated. The relation between components of durability and dynamism of cultural identity and architecture of residential spaces is then illustrated by charts and tables. Based on the research findings, regarding the durability and dynamism of cultural identity in relation to the architecture of residential spaces in Kermanshah in recent decades, it can be said that from the 1980 AD until now, the durability of the cultural identity of the family and the architecture of residential spaces has gradually decreased and their dynamism has increased exponentially. As for the relationship between the cultural identity and architecture of residential spaces, we argue that although this dynamism is stronger and weaker in some components, it is often analogous in the family culture and the structure of the residential space. In this regard, the contradictory components between the durability and dynamism of cultural identity and the architecture have been revealed in the form of residents' dissatisfaction.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_100719_656fac403ca4fb48dc4adfff7012fea6.pdfUniversity Of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602029220240621Explaining architectural solutions in harmony with nature through the reading of Ferdowsi's poemsExplaining architectural solutions in harmony with nature through the reading of Ferdowsi's poems233410068910.22059/jfaup.2025.352560.672831FAFatemehGhadiriMaster of Architecture, Department of Architecture, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.NiloufarNikghadamAssociate Professor, Department of Architecture, South Tehran
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20221216Today, the relationship with nature has become an important issue for all societies due to the two main reasons: the growing disconnection of nature from human life and the destruction of nature by humans. Nature is the main reference of all useful human creations, architecture is no exception to this rule, and it can be said that there is no architectural work that is completely unrelated to nature. In addition to creating a healthy relationship, architecture can reduce human-caused damage to nature and ultimately lead to a friendly relationship between humans and nature. With the help of principles such as energy conservation, working with the climate, reducing the use of new resources, respecting users, respect for the site and adopting a holistic approach, it is possible in many fields such as energy conservation, protection and protection of the world's natural resources, immunity from environmental pollution, protection of the layer Ozone, physical and mental health and the future of humanity to help societies. The intended research aims to preserve the environment in accordance with the topics related to nature in Ferdowsi's poems, and aims to answer the question, how can Ferdowsi's poems be used to develop solutions in harmony with nature to preserve the earth?<br />This research falls into the category of applied research, as itprovides effective solutions to preserve the land and its resources and reduce mental and psychological effects (healing). The method of data collection is based on archival data and its tools, i.e. books, reputable domestic and foreign articles, university theses, credible websites, which are analyzed using qualitative analysis and descriptive-analytical methods. In this regard, principles, components and key sentences in the fields of sustainability, nature and nature are extracted in the Shahnameh. Finally, by comparig naturalistic solutions in the Shahnameh and contemporary environmental sustainability practices we definedcommon points to suggest architectural solutions for designing buildings in harmony with nature.<br />Based on the investigations, the importance and preservation of water resources, the importance of planting and growing trees and plants, gardening and their preservation and maintenance, the use of wood and plants such as ebony and straw in construction, the importance of clean and healthy air, the importance of the position of the sun , the importance and preservation of the soil and the preservation of the privacy of living beings and honoring their place are among the naturalistic issues raised in the Shahnameh, which by analyzing, examining and adapting it with the necessary measures to achieve environmental sustainability through nature, solutions such as installing a rainwater collection and storage system on the roof, maintaining the existing vegetation on the site, using bamboo canopies, controlling air pollution by installing vertical vegetation or a green wall, designing a hole on the building body to guide light. To the interior space, installation of atrium, prevention of improper and excessive earth removal during construction and design of garden terrace and brown roof to support birds and insects to design a building in harmony with nature.Today, the relationship with nature has become an important issue for all societies due to the two main reasons: the growing disconnection of nature from human life and the destruction of nature by humans. Nature is the main reference of all useful human creations, architecture is no exception to this rule, and it can be said that there is no architectural work that is completely unrelated to nature. In addition to creating a healthy relationship, architecture can reduce human-caused damage to nature and ultimately lead to a friendly relationship between humans and nature. With the help of principles such as energy conservation, working with the climate, reducing the use of new resources, respecting users, respect for the site and adopting a holistic approach, it is possible in many fields such as energy conservation, protection and protection of the world's natural resources, immunity from environmental pollution, protection of the layer Ozone, physical and mental health and the future of humanity to help societies. The intended research aims to preserve the environment in accordance with the topics related to nature in Ferdowsi's poems, and aims to answer the question, how can Ferdowsi's poems be used to develop solutions in harmony with nature to preserve the earth?<br />This research falls into the category of applied research, as itprovides effective solutions to preserve the land and its resources and reduce mental and psychological effects (healing). The method of data collection is based on archival data and its tools, i.e. books, reputable domestic and foreign articles, university theses, credible websites, which are analyzed using qualitative analysis and descriptive-analytical methods. In this regard, principles, components and key sentences in the fields of sustainability, nature and nature are extracted in the Shahnameh. Finally, by comparig naturalistic solutions in the Shahnameh and contemporary environmental sustainability practices we definedcommon points to suggest architectural solutions for designing buildings in harmony with nature.<br />Based on the investigations, the importance and preservation of water resources, the importance of planting and growing trees and plants, gardening and their preservation and maintenance, the use of wood and plants such as ebony and straw in construction, the importance of clean and healthy air, the importance of the position of the sun , the importance and preservation of the soil and the preservation of the privacy of living beings and honoring their place are among the naturalistic issues raised in the Shahnameh, which by analyzing, examining and adapting it with the necessary measures to achieve environmental sustainability through nature, solutions such as installing a rainwater collection and storage system on the roof, maintaining the existing vegetation on the site, using bamboo canopies, controlling air pollution by installing vertical vegetation or a green wall, designing a hole on the building body to guide light. To the interior space, installation of atrium, prevention of improper and excessive earth removal during construction and design of garden terrace and brown roof to support birds and insects to design a building in harmony with nature.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_100689_cf11b9acd85b62bf7b86961b528f43a8.pdfUniversity Of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602029220240621Conceptualizing the Urban ‘Film-Induced Realm’: A Model for Place Idealized as Film Tourism DestinationConceptualizing the Urban ‘Film-Induced Realm’: A Model for Place Idealized as Film Tourism Destination355010068810.22059/jfaup.2025.386093.673024FASeyed AliAsadiniaM. A. in Urban Design, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz UniversitySahandLotfiAssociate Professor, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz UniversityMahsaSholehAssociate Professor, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz UniversityJournal Article20241201Film tourism has become a significant subset of cultural tourism, drawing attention for its ability to reshape urban spaces and influence placemaking. Despite its growing impact, the process by which cinematic portrayals contribute to urban regeneration and place identity has not yet been extensively explored within urban planning and design scholarship. This article addresses this gap, proposing a model that conceptualizes the ‘film-induced realm’ as a distinctive urban environment shaped by the interplay of cinema, urban design, and tourism management.<br />The urban spaces featured in films often acquire an idealized identity that attracts tourists, creating a sense of place that blends reality with cinematic imagination. Through aesthetic choices, filmmakers create compelling representations of cities, which destination management organizations amplify to enhance the location’s appeal. This leads to the creation of ‘film-induced realms,’ where an urban area gains symbolic meaning and allure through its cinematic depiction. Drawing on Jacques Lacan’s mirror stage theory and Henri Lefebvre’s spatial triad, this study provides a structured framework for analyzing the influence of cinema on the perceptions and experiences of tourists within urban environments. Lacan’s mirror stage, which explores idealized self-images, parallels how tourists perceive film locations as idealized extensions of reality. Lefebvre’s spatial triad—conceived, perceived, and lived spaces—further illustrates the interaction between urban design and film tourism, demonstrating how cinematic portrayals shape tourist perceptions and local experiences of space.<br />Public space and territoriality play critical roles in this transformation, as film tourism often repurposes public spaces as iconic attractions. Tourists visiting these sites engage with them experientially, reshaping their understanding of the location. This interaction generates a ‘dialectical space,’ blending the tourist’s imagination, the physical environment, and the cinematic narrative into a hybrid place identity that balances authenticity with commodification. Film tourism can thus catalyze urban regeneration, enhancing the cultural and economic value of public spaces by promoting local heritage in a globalized context.<br />The conceptual model developed here defines the ‘film-induced realm’ as an urban space-place where cinematic and touristic influences converge, creating a distinctive sense of place. It explores how a location’s intrinsic qualities are repurposed within the cinematic narrative to attract film tourists, fostering an authenticity that is both genuine and constructed. This dual authenticity underscores the commodification process in film tourism, where elements of urban heritage are curated to reflect the cinematic image, impacting both visitor perceptions and local identity.<br />This model provides insights into urban design and tourism management, offering a strategic approach to enhancing cultural tourism through film-induced spaces. By presenting a theoretical foundation for understanding the transformational potential of film locations, this study fills a critical gap in the literature, positioning the ‘film-induced realm’ as a valuable concept for practitioners and academics in urban design, planning, and cultural tourism. Ultimately, this research calls for further exploration into how cinematic representations can shape urban spaces and enrich the experiential quality of places, enabling cities to capitalize on the appeal of film tourism while preserving the authenticity of their cultural heritage.<br /> Film tourism has become a significant subset of cultural tourism, drawing attention for its ability to reshape urban spaces and influence placemaking. Despite its growing impact, the process by which cinematic portrayals contribute to urban regeneration and place identity has not yet been extensively explored within urban planning and design scholarship. This article addresses this gap, proposing a model that conceptualizes the ‘film-induced realm’ as a distinctive urban environment shaped by the interplay of cinema, urban design, and tourism management.<br />The urban spaces featured in films often acquire an idealized identity that attracts tourists, creating a sense of place that blends reality with cinematic imagination. Through aesthetic choices, filmmakers create compelling representations of cities, which destination management organizations amplify to enhance the location’s appeal. This leads to the creation of ‘film-induced realms,’ where an urban area gains symbolic meaning and allure through its cinematic depiction. Drawing on Jacques Lacan’s mirror stage theory and Henri Lefebvre’s spatial triad, this study provides a structured framework for analyzing the influence of cinema on the perceptions and experiences of tourists within urban environments. Lacan’s mirror stage, which explores idealized self-images, parallels how tourists perceive film locations as idealized extensions of reality. Lefebvre’s spatial triad—conceived, perceived, and lived spaces—further illustrates the interaction between urban design and film tourism, demonstrating how cinematic portrayals shape tourist perceptions and local experiences of space.<br />Public space and territoriality play critical roles in this transformation, as film tourism often repurposes public spaces as iconic attractions. Tourists visiting these sites engage with them experientially, reshaping their understanding of the location. This interaction generates a ‘dialectical space,’ blending the tourist’s imagination, the physical environment, and the cinematic narrative into a hybrid place identity that balances authenticity with commodification. Film tourism can thus catalyze urban regeneration, enhancing the cultural and economic value of public spaces by promoting local heritage in a globalized context.<br />The conceptual model developed here defines the ‘film-induced realm’ as an urban space-place where cinematic and touristic influences converge, creating a distinctive sense of place. It explores how a location’s intrinsic qualities are repurposed within the cinematic narrative to attract film tourists, fostering an authenticity that is both genuine and constructed. This dual authenticity underscores the commodification process in film tourism, where elements of urban heritage are curated to reflect the cinematic image, impacting both visitor perceptions and local identity.<br />This model provides insights into urban design and tourism management, offering a strategic approach to enhancing cultural tourism through film-induced spaces. By presenting a theoretical foundation for understanding the transformational potential of film locations, this study fills a critical gap in the literature, positioning the ‘film-induced realm’ as a valuable concept for practitioners and academics in urban design, planning, and cultural tourism. Ultimately, this research calls for further exploration into how cinematic representations can shape urban spaces and enrich the experiential quality of places, enabling cities to capitalize on the appeal of film tourism while preserving the authenticity of their cultural heritage.<br /> https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_100688_27c0cadb953cee36eff0218d6707cb82.pdfUniversity Of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602029220240621Virtual Recreation of the Mihrab of the Jameh Mosque of VaraminVirtual Recreation of the Mihrab of the Jameh Mosque of Varamin517210074310.22059/jfaup.2025.389108.673048FASamiraMohammadiMaster's in Architectural Heritage Conservation, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.ElhamAndaroodiAssociate Professor, Department of Conservation and Studies
of Iranian Architecture, School of Architecture, College of Fine
Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20250120In the conservation of historical buildings, architectural decorations <strong>are often overlooked</strong> due to their minor role in structural stability. Their reconstruction, particularly in cases of damage or destruction, is complex due to their intricate designs and delicate nature. This study aims to preserve and digitally reconstruct the decorations of the <strong>Varamin Jameh Mosque</strong>, a significant monument from the Ilkhanid era. Some decorative elements of this building, such as the mihrab in the dome chamber, have deteriorated over time due to environmental factors and human interventions, leading to the loss of fine details. Consequently, this research focuses on the virtual recreation of these elements.<br />The methodology consists of an <strong>interpretive-historical approach</strong> combined with archaeological evidence analysis to identify and examine various historical phases of the mosque's decorations. To achieve highly accurate three-dimensional models, the study employed <strong>short-range photogrammetry technology</strong>. The obtained images were digitally processed to reconstruct the details. In this phase, different reconstruction strategies, including similarity, analogy, and partial symmetry, were utilized to accurately restore the damaged motifs. The study specifically focuses on the virtual recreation of the mihrab at a 1:1 scale, ensuring precision and authenticity.<br />The results indicate that <strong>digital reconstruction methods</strong> effectively enable the conservation and study of damaged architectural decorations without physical interventions. The study produces a <strong>two-dimensional map of the mihrab</strong> with the maximum readable motifs by integrating 3D models and orthographic images (Orthophoto). The comparative analysis with similar structures from the same era contributes to a better understanding of the original design.<br />Furthermore, this research highlights the advantages of virtual reconstruction over physical restoration. Unlike conventional restoration methods, which may alter the original structure or introduce speculative elements, digital techniques offer a non-invasive approach to studying and preserving historical artifacts. By employing advanced photogrammetric techniques, the study overcomes challenges associated with reconstructing intricate details, ensuring both scientific accuracy and historical fidelity.<br />The findings underscore the significance of utilizing photogrammetry and digital modeling for the documentation and analysis of historical cultural heritage. By applying these technologies, researchers can produce highly detailed models that serve as valuable references for conservation efforts. This approach not only aids in historical interpretation but also provides an accessible platform for educating scholars, historians, and the general public about cultural heritage.<br />The study also emphasizes the importance of adhering to international documentation standards, such as the Seville and London Charters, which advocate for transparency, accuracy, and accessibility in digital heritage projects. These guidelines ensure that digital reconstructions maintain academic credibility and serve as reliable tools for future conservation initiatives.<br />In conclusion, the digital reconstruction of the mihrab of the Varamin Jameh Mosque demonstrates the potential of virtual heritage technologies in preserving and understanding architectural history. The integration of photogrammetry and digital modeling enhances the accuracy of reconstructions and contributes to the broader discourse on heritage conservation. Future research could expand on these methods by incorporating augmented and virtual reality applications to further enrich the interpretative and educational aspects of historical preservation.In the conservation of historical buildings, architectural decorations <strong>are often overlooked</strong> due to their minor role in structural stability. Their reconstruction, particularly in cases of damage or destruction, is complex due to their intricate designs and delicate nature. This study aims to preserve and digitally reconstruct the decorations of the <strong>Varamin Jameh Mosque</strong>, a significant monument from the Ilkhanid era. Some decorative elements of this building, such as the mihrab in the dome chamber, have deteriorated over time due to environmental factors and human interventions, leading to the loss of fine details. Consequently, this research focuses on the virtual recreation of these elements.<br />The methodology consists of an <strong>interpretive-historical approach</strong> combined with archaeological evidence analysis to identify and examine various historical phases of the mosque's decorations. To achieve highly accurate three-dimensional models, the study employed <strong>short-range photogrammetry technology</strong>. The obtained images were digitally processed to reconstruct the details. In this phase, different reconstruction strategies, including similarity, analogy, and partial symmetry, were utilized to accurately restore the damaged motifs. The study specifically focuses on the virtual recreation of the mihrab at a 1:1 scale, ensuring precision and authenticity.<br />The results indicate that <strong>digital reconstruction methods</strong> effectively enable the conservation and study of damaged architectural decorations without physical interventions. The study produces a <strong>two-dimensional map of the mihrab</strong> with the maximum readable motifs by integrating 3D models and orthographic images (Orthophoto). The comparative analysis with similar structures from the same era contributes to a better understanding of the original design.<br />Furthermore, this research highlights the advantages of virtual reconstruction over physical restoration. Unlike conventional restoration methods, which may alter the original structure or introduce speculative elements, digital techniques offer a non-invasive approach to studying and preserving historical artifacts. By employing advanced photogrammetric techniques, the study overcomes challenges associated with reconstructing intricate details, ensuring both scientific accuracy and historical fidelity.<br />The findings underscore the significance of utilizing photogrammetry and digital modeling for the documentation and analysis of historical cultural heritage. By applying these technologies, researchers can produce highly detailed models that serve as valuable references for conservation efforts. This approach not only aids in historical interpretation but also provides an accessible platform for educating scholars, historians, and the general public about cultural heritage.<br />The study also emphasizes the importance of adhering to international documentation standards, such as the Seville and London Charters, which advocate for transparency, accuracy, and accessibility in digital heritage projects. These guidelines ensure that digital reconstructions maintain academic credibility and serve as reliable tools for future conservation initiatives.<br />In conclusion, the digital reconstruction of the mihrab of the Varamin Jameh Mosque demonstrates the potential of virtual heritage technologies in preserving and understanding architectural history. The integration of photogrammetry and digital modeling enhances the accuracy of reconstructions and contributes to the broader discourse on heritage conservation. Future research could expand on these methods by incorporating augmented and virtual reality applications to further enrich the interpretative and educational aspects of historical preservation.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_100743_41ebdd72deb5eefc0bb3095c00ab892a.pdfUniversity Of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602029220240621The Impact of Economic Structure of Family on Spatial Structure of Houses
(A case study on Yazd city)The Impact of Economic Structure of Family on Spatial Structure of Houses
(A case study on Yazd city)738610077110.22059/jfaup.2025.388948.673045FAElhamFallahAssistant Professor of Architecture, School of Architecture,
College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20250129Every architectural space is designed to accommodate specific activities and needs of its inhabitants. Therefore, the structure of space is influenced by various factors, one of the most important being family structure. After industrialization, the role of the family as an economic unit shifted from being a productive-consumer entity to a purely consumer-based one. These changes led to alterations in family structure, affecting the roles, relationships, and needs of family members. As a result, different residential styles emerged, profoundly impacting the spatial structure of homes.<br />The primary question of this research is: "How has the spatial structure of homes in Yazd changed as a result of the evolving economic role of the family?"<br />This qualitative study employs grounded theory for data analysis. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling with the process continuinguntil theoretical saturation was reached. Data collection involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews, as well as both participant and non-participant observations. All selected participants owned their homes and were interviewed within their residences. Five participants were chosen for each of the housing patterns discussed.<br />Grounded theory was applied to analyze the data through three coding stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The literature review helped identify the main categories of analysis, which include: the power structure of the family, the relationships between family members, and the family’s functional roles. For case studies, three prevalent housing patterns in Yazd were purposefully selected, and numerous interviews were conducted with residents. The selected housing types were: (1) traditional homes with central courtyards, (2) transitional homes (one or two stories with courtyards to one side), and (3) modern apartment buildings that follow a relatively similar pattern throughout the city. All three housing types are still in use today, accommodating families with different structures and economic needs. This diversity was a key reason for choosing Yazd for this research.<br /> <br />The literature indicated that the power structure, relationships, and functions within the family have changed in response to economic shifts. Data analysis revealed that these changes in Yazd families are reflected in the evolving roles of fathers, mothers, and children, a decrease in family cohesion, an increase in individualism, and shifts in the functionality of the home. These transformations in family dynamics have also influenced the spatial organization of homes by diminishing age and gender hierarchies, focusing more on individual space, reducing spatial fluidity, and altering the qualities expected from different spaces.<br />The findings of this study are applicable to many towns with structures similar to Yazd. Additionally, the research methodology used in this study can serve as a valuable framework for similar research in other contexts.<br /> Every architectural space is designed to accommodate specific activities and needs of its inhabitants. Therefore, the structure of space is influenced by various factors, one of the most important being family structure. After industrialization, the role of the family as an economic unit shifted from being a productive-consumer entity to a purely consumer-based one. These changes led to alterations in family structure, affecting the roles, relationships, and needs of family members. As a result, different residential styles emerged, profoundly impacting the spatial structure of homes.<br />The primary question of this research is: "How has the spatial structure of homes in Yazd changed as a result of the evolving economic role of the family?"<br />This qualitative study employs grounded theory for data analysis. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling with the process continuinguntil theoretical saturation was reached. Data collection involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews, as well as both participant and non-participant observations. All selected participants owned their homes and were interviewed within their residences. Five participants were chosen for each of the housing patterns discussed.<br />Grounded theory was applied to analyze the data through three coding stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The literature review helped identify the main categories of analysis, which include: the power structure of the family, the relationships between family members, and the family’s functional roles. For case studies, three prevalent housing patterns in Yazd were purposefully selected, and numerous interviews were conducted with residents. The selected housing types were: (1) traditional homes with central courtyards, (2) transitional homes (one or two stories with courtyards to one side), and (3) modern apartment buildings that follow a relatively similar pattern throughout the city. All three housing types are still in use today, accommodating families with different structures and economic needs. This diversity was a key reason for choosing Yazd for this research.<br /> <br />The literature indicated that the power structure, relationships, and functions within the family have changed in response to economic shifts. Data analysis revealed that these changes in Yazd families are reflected in the evolving roles of fathers, mothers, and children, a decrease in family cohesion, an increase in individualism, and shifts in the functionality of the home. These transformations in family dynamics have also influenced the spatial organization of homes by diminishing age and gender hierarchies, focusing more on individual space, reducing spatial fluidity, and altering the qualities expected from different spaces.<br />The findings of this study are applicable to many towns with structures similar to Yazd. Additionally, the research methodology used in this study can serve as a valuable framework for similar research in other contexts.<br /> https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_100771_bf320bf22cdb7f93aa4d484b6951dfef.pdfUniversity Of Tehran PressJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602029220240621Investigating the Effectiveness of Virtual Augmented Reality on Higher-Order Thinking of Architecture Students in the Building Technical Design CourseInvestigating the Effectiveness of Virtual Augmented Reality on Higher-Order Thinking of Architecture Students in the Building Technical Design Course8710310046010.22059/jfaup.2025.379611.672997FAAbbasSedaghatiDepartment of Architecture, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.Journal Article20240727Despite the numerous transformations in architectural education over recent decades, fostering creativity and strengthening problem-solving abilities have remained the cornerstone of this discipline. There is ongoing debate in academic research about the impact of digital technologies, particularly their role in enhancing students' creative thinking and problem-solving skills. While digital tools promise innovation, their practical outcomes in education require careful investigation to determine their efficacy and address their limitations. This study adopts an applied approach with a mixed-method descriptive design to evaluate the influence of augmented reality (AR) technology on higher-order thinking skills among architecture students, specifically within a Building Technical Design course. To achieve this, the study incorporated both quantitative and qualitative research methods. A questionnaire was administered to compare differences in performance between the experimental group, which utilized AR technology, and the control group, which relied on conventional teaching methods. The qualitative phase included semi-structured interviews and field observations to provide deeper insights into the student experience and learning outcomes. The findings revealed that the use of augmented reality had a significant and positive impact on the creative thinking abilities of students in the experimental group. Specifically, AR technology enhanced three essential components of creative thinking: curiosity, imagination, and flexibility. Students demonstrated a greater ability to explore new ideas, visualize abstract concepts, and adapt their thinking to solve complex design problems. In contrast, the control group, which did not have access to AR, showed comparatively limited progress in these areas. The study also examined the relationship between AR technology and problem-solving skills. The results indicated that augmented reality improved the experimental group’s ability to identify, analyze, and resolve design challenges effectively. A notable finding was that AR reduced the cognitive load on students by offering immersive visualizations and tangible representations of abstract ideas. This reduction in mental effort enabled students to focus their energy on critical thinking and creative problem-solving processes, thereby achieving deeper learning outcomes. In addition to these benefits, qualitative observations and interviews confirmed that augmented reality provided a stimulating and engaging learning environment. By visualizing concepts in three dimensions, AR made complex architectural ideas more accessible, facilitating deeper understanding. Furthermore, the technology increased students' motivation, fostered a greater sense of curiosity, and strengthened their imaginative thinking, which are essential for nurturing creative design solutions. However, the study also identified key challenges associated with AR technology. One significant drawback was a noticeable reduction in social interactions among students. While AR promotes individual engagement, it can inadvertently limit collaborative learning experiences, which are crucial for teamwork and communication skills in architecture. Additionally, the reliance on virtual tools may impede the development of practical, hands-on skills and real-world experience that are fundamental to architectural practice. The research concludes that augmented reality is a powerful educational tool that can significantly enhance creativity, problem-solving abilities, and cognitive efficiency in architecture students. Nevertheless, to maximize its effectiveness, a balanced approach is necessary—integrating AR technology with conventional teaching methods that emphasize teamwork, practical skills, and experiential learning.Despite the numerous transformations in architectural education over recent decades, fostering creativity and strengthening problem-solving abilities have remained the cornerstone of this discipline. There is ongoing debate in academic research about the impact of digital technologies, particularly their role in enhancing students' creative thinking and problem-solving skills. While digital tools promise innovation, their practical outcomes in education require careful investigation to determine their efficacy and address their limitations. This study adopts an applied approach with a mixed-method descriptive design to evaluate the influence of augmented reality (AR) technology on higher-order thinking skills among architecture students, specifically within a Building Technical Design course. To achieve this, the study incorporated both quantitative and qualitative research methods. A questionnaire was administered to compare differences in performance between the experimental group, which utilized AR technology, and the control group, which relied on conventional teaching methods. The qualitative phase included semi-structured interviews and field observations to provide deeper insights into the student experience and learning outcomes. The findings revealed that the use of augmented reality had a significant and positive impact on the creative thinking abilities of students in the experimental group. Specifically, AR technology enhanced three essential components of creative thinking: curiosity, imagination, and flexibility. Students demonstrated a greater ability to explore new ideas, visualize abstract concepts, and adapt their thinking to solve complex design problems. In contrast, the control group, which did not have access to AR, showed comparatively limited progress in these areas. The study also examined the relationship between AR technology and problem-solving skills. The results indicated that augmented reality improved the experimental group’s ability to identify, analyze, and resolve design challenges effectively. A notable finding was that AR reduced the cognitive load on students by offering immersive visualizations and tangible representations of abstract ideas. This reduction in mental effort enabled students to focus their energy on critical thinking and creative problem-solving processes, thereby achieving deeper learning outcomes. In addition to these benefits, qualitative observations and interviews confirmed that augmented reality provided a stimulating and engaging learning environment. By visualizing concepts in three dimensions, AR made complex architectural ideas more accessible, facilitating deeper understanding. Furthermore, the technology increased students' motivation, fostered a greater sense of curiosity, and strengthened their imaginative thinking, which are essential for nurturing creative design solutions. However, the study also identified key challenges associated with AR technology. One significant drawback was a noticeable reduction in social interactions among students. While AR promotes individual engagement, it can inadvertently limit collaborative learning experiences, which are crucial for teamwork and communication skills in architecture. Additionally, the reliance on virtual tools may impede the development of practical, hands-on skills and real-world experience that are fundamental to architectural practice. The research concludes that augmented reality is a powerful educational tool that can significantly enhance creativity, problem-solving abilities, and cognitive efficiency in architecture students. Nevertheless, to maximize its effectiveness, a balanced approach is necessary—integrating AR technology with conventional teaching methods that emphasize teamwork, practical skills, and experiential learning.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_100460_27c1166e238f43e78faf8b6ef9cfd66d.pdf