University of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602027320221122Adaptive thermal comfort as the final metric for evaluating the quality of the exterior shading on building envelopes
The case study: a residential building in Shiraz, IranAdaptive thermal comfort as the final metric for evaluating the quality of the exterior shading on building envelopes
The case study: a residential building in Shiraz, Iran5178857810.22059/jfaup.2022.342483.672765FANILOOFARHASHEMIPhd Candidate of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran.0000-0003-2721-5565ShahinHeidari Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-2016-2256MortezaRahbarAssistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-4522-5348Journal Article20210512 One of the main problems in the world is global warming, which is caused by the building sector and carbon emissions. Researchers have come to the conclusion that managing and reducing building energy consumptions and promoting sustainable building practices are crucial. Particularly in hot areas, exterior shading devices are one of the most significant and useful criteria for sustainable passive architecture design. They can have an impact on managing the building's energy resources, including thermal load, daylight, and adaptive thermal comfort. The application of the shadings is highly effective when shading design parameters have carefully and accurately been studied and designed because an inefficient shading device can easily increase the thermal load and create glare or darkness at the same time, or while keeping daylight indicators within the standard range, increase energy consumptions. Although many studies have investigated the design parameters of exterior shading devices including dimensions, materials, and the location of installation through optimization methods, it seems that none of the researches have considered the effect of shade quality on building performances. To investigate the quality of shading, through field measurement in a residential building in Shiraz, Iran, a model was simulated and validated and then a novel parametric exterior fixed shading device added to the model was created in grasshopper plugin which was able to produce a variety range of shadings. A large dataset of 13600 samples of the parametric shading was produced by applying the LHS technique, which created an outspread community of shading samples and executed the energy simulation for each sample. Then this large data set was used to train and test an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This ANN was applied as a fast emulator and the searching space for multi-objective optimization through NSGA_III algorithm. The major goals in the optimization process are considered to be the least cooling and heating load, the minimum annual sun exposure (ASE), the maximum spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), and the minimum useful daylight illumination (UDI). These five functions are considered as independent variables. Finally, using an adaptive thermal comfort model, the Pareto front solutions have been categorized based on the Percent of Time Comfortable (PTC). This classification clearly demonstrates that although the optimized shading devices can keep the daylight standard indicators (ASE, sDA, and UDI) within acceptable ranges and reduce the cooling load from 53% to 73% and the heating load by from 8% to 10%, the values of PTC could vary by as much as 33.3% (i.e. 4 months of the year) to 66.67% (i.e. 8 months of the year). This range in PTC value is significant because, although certain optimal shading devices can maintain the PTC in interior spaces at 33.3%, other cases with the same rate of energy saving and daylight standard indicators can raise the PTC value to 66.67%. Therefore, this paper introduces the PTC in adaptive thermal comfort model as a new metric for evaluating the quality of the shading produced by any shading device types. One of the main problems in the world is global warming, which is caused by the building sector and carbon emissions. Researchers have come to the conclusion that managing and reducing building energy consumptions and promoting sustainable building practices are crucial. Particularly in hot areas, exterior shading devices are one of the most significant and useful criteria for sustainable passive architecture design. They can have an impact on managing the building's energy resources, including thermal load, daylight, and adaptive thermal comfort. The application of the shadings is highly effective when shading design parameters have carefully and accurately been studied and designed because an inefficient shading device can easily increase the thermal load and create glare or darkness at the same time, or while keeping daylight indicators within the standard range, increase energy consumptions. Although many studies have investigated the design parameters of exterior shading devices including dimensions, materials, and the location of installation through optimization methods, it seems that none of the researches have considered the effect of shade quality on building performances. To investigate the quality of shading, through field measurement in a residential building in Shiraz, Iran, a model was simulated and validated and then a novel parametric exterior fixed shading device added to the model was created in grasshopper plugin which was able to produce a variety range of shadings. A large dataset of 13600 samples of the parametric shading was produced by applying the LHS technique, which created an outspread community of shading samples and executed the energy simulation for each sample. Then this large data set was used to train and test an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This ANN was applied as a fast emulator and the searching space for multi-objective optimization through NSGA_III algorithm. The major goals in the optimization process are considered to be the least cooling and heating load, the minimum annual sun exposure (ASE), the maximum spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), and the minimum useful daylight illumination (UDI). These five functions are considered as independent variables. Finally, using an adaptive thermal comfort model, the Pareto front solutions have been categorized based on the Percent of Time Comfortable (PTC). This classification clearly demonstrates that although the optimized shading devices can keep the daylight standard indicators (ASE, sDA, and UDI) within acceptable ranges and reduce the cooling load from 53% to 73% and the heating load by from 8% to 10%, the values of PTC could vary by as much as 33.3% (i.e. 4 months of the year) to 66.67% (i.e. 8 months of the year). This range in PTC value is significant because, although certain optimal shading devices can maintain the PTC in interior spaces at 33.3%, other cases with the same rate of energy saving and daylight standard indicators can raise the PTC value to 66.67%. Therefore, this paper introduces the PTC in adaptive thermal comfort model as a new metric for evaluating the quality of the shading produced by any shading device types.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_88578_7ea6bb729681b4660f1bc048478daeb8.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602027320221122Stress Relief Urban Planning(case study: District 8, District 1 of Tehran Municipality)Stress Relief Urban Planning(case study: District 8, District 1 of Tehran Municipality)19339155410.22059/jfaup.2023.339729.672749FAKhaterehMoghani Rahimi. M.A. Student, Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.MostafaBehzadfarProfessor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.SamanehJalilisadrabadAssistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-1816-7610Journal Article20220316Stress in urban life can be a breeding ground for mental disorders. In addition to being an important cause of physical and mental illness, urban stress also increases the rate of moral anomalies in the city and reduces the security of citizens. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider the peace of mind of citizens as an important principle in their plans and designs, and to avoid actions that cause this mental disorder. However, although many studies in the last century have examined the relationship between urbanization and stress and effective solutions to it with different approaches, so far no studies on urban planning stress therapy to consider all the indicators affecting urban stress and there is no effective strategic planning based on the results. Moreover, Tehran is the sixth most stressful city in the world, according to the Zipjet Institute. For this reason, it is very important to conduct theoretical studies in this field and formulate urban planning for stress therapists in this city. But due to its large scope, doing such research requires a lot of time and money. For this purpose, in this study, after determining the general indicators, using the Delphi technique, District 8, District 1 of Tehran Municipality has been selected as the study sample. The research method in this research is descriptive-explanatory and is based on the purpose of applied research. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect information and factor analysis was used to analyze them. Then the urban stressors have been identified and a strategic document has been presented.The findings of the research indicate that the stress factors caused by the access system, poor social and economic status, low security, lack of cohesion and social support, differentiation and social isolation, lack of resilience of the urban environment, lack of vitality of the environment, negative feelings of residents, discrimination and social displacement, stress caused by crowding, low sense of identity and belonging are the most important stressors in the study area. As a result, by considering these factors as micro-objectives, urban planning can reduce urban stress in the studied area to a great extent. This research develops the theoretical and empirical findings of previous studies. As a result, with the implementation of this research, the psychological pressure that is imposed on the citizens of this area can be reduced to a great extent. This research provides a suitable method for measuring and identifying urban stressors to urban planners who seek to reduce urban stress.. Applying the factor analysis approach in recognizing and analyzing urban contexts in terms of stress and developing a strategic document corresponding to stressful factors in other parts or the whole city of Tehran and developing a comprehensive mental health program in this city can be very effective in this field.Stress in urban life can be a breeding ground for mental disorders. In addition to being an important cause of physical and mental illness, urban stress also increases the rate of moral anomalies in the city and reduces the security of citizens. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider the peace of mind of citizens as an important principle in their plans and designs, and to avoid actions that cause this mental disorder. However, although many studies in the last century have examined the relationship between urbanization and stress and effective solutions to it with different approaches, so far no studies on urban planning stress therapy to consider all the indicators affecting urban stress and there is no effective strategic planning based on the results. Moreover, Tehran is the sixth most stressful city in the world, according to the Zipjet Institute. For this reason, it is very important to conduct theoretical studies in this field and formulate urban planning for stress therapists in this city. But due to its large scope, doing such research requires a lot of time and money. For this purpose, in this study, after determining the general indicators, using the Delphi technique, District 8, District 1 of Tehran Municipality has been selected as the study sample. The research method in this research is descriptive-explanatory and is based on the purpose of applied research. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect information and factor analysis was used to analyze them. Then the urban stressors have been identified and a strategic document has been presented.The findings of the research indicate that the stress factors caused by the access system, poor social and economic status, low security, lack of cohesion and social support, differentiation and social isolation, lack of resilience of the urban environment, lack of vitality of the environment, negative feelings of residents, discrimination and social displacement, stress caused by crowding, low sense of identity and belonging are the most important stressors in the study area. As a result, by considering these factors as micro-objectives, urban planning can reduce urban stress in the studied area to a great extent. This research develops the theoretical and empirical findings of previous studies. As a result, with the implementation of this research, the psychological pressure that is imposed on the citizens of this area can be reduced to a great extent. This research provides a suitable method for measuring and identifying urban stressors to urban planners who seek to reduce urban stress.. Applying the factor analysis approach in recognizing and analyzing urban contexts in terms of stress and developing a strategic document corresponding to stressful factors in other parts or the whole city of Tehran and developing a comprehensive mental health program in this city can be very effective in this field.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_91554_dfca80c2fbd3f27a344c75111f20f189.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602027320221122Legalization: A Look at the Legitimation of Violations in the Construction Phase (Case Study: Megamalls in the City of Tehran, Iran)Legalization: A Look at the Legitimation of Violations in the Construction Phase (Case Study: Megamalls in the City of Tehran, Iran)35449060010.22059/jfaup.2023.345103.672779FANayerehDayarianPhD Candidate of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning and Management, School of Urban Planning,
College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-5709-0401FarshadNOURIANAssociate Professor, Department of Urban Planning and Management, School of Urban Planning,
College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-2286-9738Journal Article20220705As urbanization grows and the demand for infrastructure increases to meet the needs of citizens, land prices rise up consequently. Hence, in recent years, construction violations in cities are increasing exponentially. The construction of multi-purpose commercial complexes (megamalls) has economic, social, cultural and spatial-physical consequences on cities. One of these consequences is the occurrence of widespread construction violations during the process of obtaining permits and constructing megamalls. Therefore, it is important to address the reasons for the occurrence of construction violations in building the megamalls. Given the wide range of effects and consequences of their construction and the increasing occurrence of these violations, it is especially important to consider these violations in the context of urban planning and urban management in Iran. Also, finding the root cause of such violations in such constructions will help to identify solutions and the way to deal with construction violations appropriately and effectively. Despite various studies conducted on rooting out the occurrence of violations, few studies have dealt with such violations from the viewpoint of planners, specialists and professionals, especially in Iran. The present study aims to provide a theoretical explanation of the "why" of construction violations in the process of building megamalls in the city of Tehran. In this paper, using a multi-case study, the focus is on the process of obtaining a permit to construct megamalls in Tehran in order to identify the causes of construction violations and the reasons of not dealing with them appropriately. Accordingly, using a constructivist grounded theory, the experiences and views of urban planners, experts, specialists and professionals are questioned and analysed in the form of 16 in-depth semi-structured interviews. The results of the research indicate that continuous changes in the criteria of urban development plans, as well as monopoly and centralism in decision making procedures within spatial planning and urban management in Iran, has provided the basis for "legalization of violations". In other words, in addition to the urgent need of municipalities to obtain financial resources, as well as the weakness and lack of effective and efficient monitoring procedures and tools, instability occurs consequently in the rules of the plans. Also, due to the lack of transparency in procedures and instructions, the possibility of interpretation and personal taste increases, which as a result creates a ground for creating and increasing corruption, as well as legalizing issued permits. Therefore, normalization of improper procedures and legalization of violations can be considered as the main reason for the occurrence of construction violations. Also, the lack of appropriate treatment for such violations doubles the issue. Accordingly, the main strategy to deal with violations in this area is a fundamental review of the procedures and instructions in the pillars of urban management, such as the municipality and the Iranian Article 5 Commission. In such a way as to prevent the recognition of violations under the guise of legalizing them.As urbanization grows and the demand for infrastructure increases to meet the needs of citizens, land prices rise up consequently. Hence, in recent years, construction violations in cities are increasing exponentially. The construction of multi-purpose commercial complexes (megamalls) has economic, social, cultural and spatial-physical consequences on cities. One of these consequences is the occurrence of widespread construction violations during the process of obtaining permits and constructing megamalls. Therefore, it is important to address the reasons for the occurrence of construction violations in building the megamalls. Given the wide range of effects and consequences of their construction and the increasing occurrence of these violations, it is especially important to consider these violations in the context of urban planning and urban management in Iran. Also, finding the root cause of such violations in such constructions will help to identify solutions and the way to deal with construction violations appropriately and effectively. Despite various studies conducted on rooting out the occurrence of violations, few studies have dealt with such violations from the viewpoint of planners, specialists and professionals, especially in Iran. The present study aims to provide a theoretical explanation of the "why" of construction violations in the process of building megamalls in the city of Tehran. In this paper, using a multi-case study, the focus is on the process of obtaining a permit to construct megamalls in Tehran in order to identify the causes of construction violations and the reasons of not dealing with them appropriately. Accordingly, using a constructivist grounded theory, the experiences and views of urban planners, experts, specialists and professionals are questioned and analysed in the form of 16 in-depth semi-structured interviews. The results of the research indicate that continuous changes in the criteria of urban development plans, as well as monopoly and centralism in decision making procedures within spatial planning and urban management in Iran, has provided the basis for "legalization of violations". In other words, in addition to the urgent need of municipalities to obtain financial resources, as well as the weakness and lack of effective and efficient monitoring procedures and tools, instability occurs consequently in the rules of the plans. Also, due to the lack of transparency in procedures and instructions, the possibility of interpretation and personal taste increases, which as a result creates a ground for creating and increasing corruption, as well as legalizing issued permits. Therefore, normalization of improper procedures and legalization of violations can be considered as the main reason for the occurrence of construction violations. Also, the lack of appropriate treatment for such violations doubles the issue. Accordingly, the main strategy to deal with violations in this area is a fundamental review of the procedures and instructions in the pillars of urban management, such as the municipality and the Iranian Article 5 Commission. In such a way as to prevent the recognition of violations under the guise of legalizing them.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_90600_998517999430f9d477b5dc0d54b59052.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602027320221122Application of cognitive science in explaining the visual tendencies of personality types in the field of art and architectureApplication of cognitive science in explaining the visual tendencies of personality types in the field of art and architecture45589057110.22059/jfaup.2023.350555.672819FASEYED ALIREZANasehiPhD Candidate of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-0110-8999MahnazMahmoudi ZarandiAssociate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-3623-1874HosseinZabihiAssociate Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Art and Architecture,
Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-6593-9674Journal Article20221108Beauty trends and preferences are highly dependent on the audience's visual perception mechanism. The personality evaluation item is one of the very important criteria, which, in addition to being rooted in individual teachings and experiences, is also directly related to the brain and perception system. It is a definite manifestation of the complications of brain and nerve physiology. On the other hand, the factors of harmony and contrast are two important criteria for distinguishing visual works, which is a fundamental indicator in screening the type of visual works. The relationship between these two has always been the subject of study. The evaluation criteria in studies are so diverse and based on personal tastes that not only the possibility of clear conclusions is not possible, but in some cases it creates contradictions in concepts and theories. However, using neurostatic science, cognitive science and major and penetrating measurement indicators, more reliable results can be achieved to a significant extent. Therefore, the question is raised, based on personality indicators, contrast and harmony, from the perspective of cognitive science: what is the relationship between personality and visual tendencies? And also, what is the dominant tendency?<br />The purpose of this research is to find the relationship between introverted and extroverted personalities with aesthetic tendencies and mental structure in accordance with cognitive science studies. This research is a descriptive analytical type with causal-comparative studies that were carried out using a questionnaire and performing statistical operations. The research is also classified as a cross-sectional survey and the applied research is considered descriptive in terms of how data is collected.<br />Personality variables and aesthetic divisions were obtained through the content analysis of each of the relevant scientific fields and tested based on cognitive science. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that there is a significant correlation between the personality components and the type of visual works, in such a way that the introverted personality pays more attention to contrasting, complex and tense architectural works of art than extroverts. While a considerable majority of extroverts tend to prefer harmonious and harmonious works. Extroverts have an objective view of the outside world or reality. This source of inspiration is nature and the outside environment in the sense of tendency towards harmony. Therefore, it seems that there is a significant relationship between the audience's personality and their visual orientation. This issue is related to the differences in the nervous structure and the perceptual system of these two types of personality.<br />The point is that in the independent study of the introvert community (without comparison with other personality types), almost more than half of the introverts showed a tendency towards harmony. Therefore, introverts tend to show more tension compared to the extrovert community. Thus, the second part of the first hypothesis needs to consider the subtle point that introverts show a greater tendency to conflict in their works compared to extroverts. This does not mean their pure and maximal tendency to conflict.Beauty trends and preferences are highly dependent on the audience's visual perception mechanism. The personality evaluation item is one of the very important criteria, which, in addition to being rooted in individual teachings and experiences, is also directly related to the brain and perception system. It is a definite manifestation of the complications of brain and nerve physiology. On the other hand, the factors of harmony and contrast are two important criteria for distinguishing visual works, which is a fundamental indicator in screening the type of visual works. The relationship between these two has always been the subject of study. The evaluation criteria in studies are so diverse and based on personal tastes that not only the possibility of clear conclusions is not possible, but in some cases it creates contradictions in concepts and theories. However, using neurostatic science, cognitive science and major and penetrating measurement indicators, more reliable results can be achieved to a significant extent. Therefore, the question is raised, based on personality indicators, contrast and harmony, from the perspective of cognitive science: what is the relationship between personality and visual tendencies? And also, what is the dominant tendency?<br />The purpose of this research is to find the relationship between introverted and extroverted personalities with aesthetic tendencies and mental structure in accordance with cognitive science studies. This research is a descriptive analytical type with causal-comparative studies that were carried out using a questionnaire and performing statistical operations. The research is also classified as a cross-sectional survey and the applied research is considered descriptive in terms of how data is collected.<br />Personality variables and aesthetic divisions were obtained through the content analysis of each of the relevant scientific fields and tested based on cognitive science. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that there is a significant correlation between the personality components and the type of visual works, in such a way that the introverted personality pays more attention to contrasting, complex and tense architectural works of art than extroverts. While a considerable majority of extroverts tend to prefer harmonious and harmonious works. Extroverts have an objective view of the outside world or reality. This source of inspiration is nature and the outside environment in the sense of tendency towards harmony. Therefore, it seems that there is a significant relationship between the audience's personality and their visual orientation. This issue is related to the differences in the nervous structure and the perceptual system of these two types of personality.<br />The point is that in the independent study of the introvert community (without comparison with other personality types), almost more than half of the introverts showed a tendency towards harmony. Therefore, introverts tend to show more tension compared to the extrovert community. Thus, the second part of the first hypothesis needs to consider the subtle point that introverts show a greater tendency to conflict in their works compared to extroverts. This does not mean their pure and maximal tendency to conflict.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_90571_b7f7d5f85f3ee07c01a9914c30c79d56.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602027320221122assessment of the architectural concept of places of worship during the Medes era
in Noushijan Tappe, Zarbolagh and Tappe Ozbakiassessment of the architectural concept of places of worship during the Medes era
in Noushijan Tappe, Zarbolagh and Tappe Ozbaki59729171010.22059/jfaup.2023.346055.672789FAMohammad HassanTalebianAssociate Professor, Department of Building Restoration and Historical Structures, School of of Architecture,
College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.MehrdadMalekzadehAssistant Professor, Archeology Research Institute, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.AlirezaTaheriMaster of Architectural Studies, Department of Building Restoration and Historical Structures, School of Architecture,
College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20220727The Medes are known as the first unified and central government of Iran. The historiography of this government faces many uncertainties, but there is no doubt that they were able to establish a unified government in Iran for the first time. The Median period is one of the least well defined periods of Iranian Archeology and Architecture. To speak of Median Art means, first of all, mentioning the huge gaps in our knowledge of Median history. However, architecture in the Medes Dynasty is surrounded with ambiguity due to limited explorations and ambiguous dates. An important part of the Medes architecture is devoted to places of worship. The central shrine of Noushijan Tappe is one of the most important ritual spaces of the Medes, and as a result of excavations and observation of the fillings, it was found that this shrine was sealed without the slightest damage. Further excavations in the territory of the Medes, revealed other sites with the same conditions as Noushijan Tappe. It was believed that these shrines had a similar fate as the central shrine of Noushijan Tappe. In this research, which is based on a descriptive-analytical method and a case study, with the aim of studying architecture from the concept of design to the function of ritual spaces of the Medes, an architectural comparison is made between the central shrine of Noushijan in Malayer, Zarbolagh shrine in Aliabad Qom and Ozbaki shrine in Nazarabad, in order to reach a design pattern specific to these places of worship. The research concludes that most of the religious buildings built at the time of the Medes Empire were blocked during the Achaemenid rule. The Achaemenids only hindered access to the Medes places of worship and did not destroy them. It seems that the (XPh) inscription of Xerxes and the law against atheistic religions in the Achaemenid period caused these shrines to be blocked. We find that these religious buildings used a special architectural pattern and this pattern is repeated in different forms in most of the religious buildings constructed under the rule of the Medes. It is understood that while the function and architectural concepts remain the same in these buildings, each shows a different architectural design. The architects of that period designed the building in such a way that the sacred space is separated from the main building. Not everybody was allowed into the sacred parts, and those who wished to enter had to wait beforehand in a spare room. Some constructs had a window built in the spare room that gave the person-in-waiting a view to the sacred room. Unfortunately, some of the religious buildings of this historical period were destroyed after many years, which made it difficult to identify this architectural concept in them. Finally, the paper will highlight similarities between the western shrine of Noshijan Tappe and Vasun stone building in Kahak and Takhcharabad shrine in Birjand and Hajikhan shrine in Famenein with the above sites.The Medes are known as the first unified and central government of Iran. The historiography of this government faces many uncertainties, but there is no doubt that they were able to establish a unified government in Iran for the first time. The Median period is one of the least well defined periods of Iranian Archeology and Architecture. To speak of Median Art means, first of all, mentioning the huge gaps in our knowledge of Median history. However, architecture in the Medes Dynasty is surrounded with ambiguity due to limited explorations and ambiguous dates. An important part of the Medes architecture is devoted to places of worship. The central shrine of Noushijan Tappe is one of the most important ritual spaces of the Medes, and as a result of excavations and observation of the fillings, it was found that this shrine was sealed without the slightest damage. Further excavations in the territory of the Medes, revealed other sites with the same conditions as Noushijan Tappe. It was believed that these shrines had a similar fate as the central shrine of Noushijan Tappe. In this research, which is based on a descriptive-analytical method and a case study, with the aim of studying architecture from the concept of design to the function of ritual spaces of the Medes, an architectural comparison is made between the central shrine of Noushijan in Malayer, Zarbolagh shrine in Aliabad Qom and Ozbaki shrine in Nazarabad, in order to reach a design pattern specific to these places of worship. The research concludes that most of the religious buildings built at the time of the Medes Empire were blocked during the Achaemenid rule. The Achaemenids only hindered access to the Medes places of worship and did not destroy them. It seems that the (XPh) inscription of Xerxes and the law against atheistic religions in the Achaemenid period caused these shrines to be blocked. We find that these religious buildings used a special architectural pattern and this pattern is repeated in different forms in most of the religious buildings constructed under the rule of the Medes. It is understood that while the function and architectural concepts remain the same in these buildings, each shows a different architectural design. The architects of that period designed the building in such a way that the sacred space is separated from the main building. Not everybody was allowed into the sacred parts, and those who wished to enter had to wait beforehand in a spare room. Some constructs had a window built in the spare room that gave the person-in-waiting a view to the sacred room. Unfortunately, some of the religious buildings of this historical period were destroyed after many years, which made it difficult to identify this architectural concept in them. Finally, the paper will highlight similarities between the western shrine of Noshijan Tappe and Vasun stone building in Kahak and Takhcharabad shrine in Birjand and Hajikhan shrine in Famenein with the above sites.https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_91710_f53f376a2220c97124151fa89e63aca0.pdfUniversity of Tehran
College of Fine ArtsJournal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning2228-602027320221122Investigating wasted space: an analytic perspectiveInvestigating wasted space: an analytic perspective73869009310.22059/jfaup.2022.340950.672755FASalehehBokharaeiAssistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2373-2557Journal Article20220404Studies on environmental psychology include both indoor and outdoor settings. The environment works as an opportunity for emerging human behaviour and emotions. Physical attributes of the environment may affect space meaning and arouse senses. A space is called high, spacious, and preferred because it is attached to such a general rating. On the contrary, one may recall a space as unpreferred, unsafe, complex, and so on. Research has often investigated desirable qualities of environments, but study on disliked environmental attributes is also important, especially when economical components are influential. Since land prices and construction costs are increasing, communities should consider reducing useless spaces. Looking through research, adequate study of “wasted space” was not found. For an exploratory study of “wasted space” and attributes affecting it, 25 apartments were evaluated. These were selected from 55 cases in a high-dense district in Tehran-Iran. Then, a semi structural interview with 30 residents (men, women, parents and children, owners and tenants from 18 to70 years old) was conducted. Each interviewee was asked to define “wasted space,” indicate spaces they saw as “wasted”, explain why they called them as “wasted” and discus their attempts for reusing them. Using the same questionnaire, a group of 10 designers and design professions from Shahid Beheshti University evaluated the same apartments. They also were asked to determine places where they call as wasted space during teaching. Considering different aspects of space (physical, perceived, cognitive, and behavioural) and different features of each, with coded keywords extracted from interviews, research found that:<br />- Both professionals and non-professionals had the same definitions of “wasted space;”<br />- The two main aspects of space for defining “wasted space” were physical and behaviour setting;<br />- For physical space, respondents repeatedly referred to three attributes: geometry, proportion and area;.<br />- For behavioural setting, they only mentioned “furniture;”<br />- Lack of association between the geometry and behavioural settings led to “wasted space”.<br />- Owners and tenants differed in determining “wasted space;”<br />- In some cases, design professionals differed from the others in what they considered wasted space;<br />- Two types of “wasted space” emerged: visible and invisible. Visible referred to physical aspects of space determined almost by both professions and non-professions while invisible type derived from behavioural attributes shown by most of professions.<br />- Factors relating to “perceived space” reduced undesirable effects of “wasted space”. <br />- Affective meaning of space may reduce undesirable effects of wasted space and works as a moderator.<br />- One may wrongly call a space as wasted. A space could formally be perceived as wasted while it may respond to socio-cultural needs.<br />Findings represent a comprehensive structure for wasted space. It can help designers lessen unused space in houses in high-density cities through changing layout, shapes, proportions, juxtapositions and considering behavioural needs. Further study could determine the accuracy and generality of the findings. It could focus on wasted space with other functions such as commercial, educational, and office buildings to know how economical components -which are affective in residential buildings- affect wasted space.<br /> Studies on environmental psychology include both indoor and outdoor settings. The environment works as an opportunity for emerging human behaviour and emotions. Physical attributes of the environment may affect space meaning and arouse senses. A space is called high, spacious, and preferred because it is attached to such a general rating. On the contrary, one may recall a space as unpreferred, unsafe, complex, and so on. Research has often investigated desirable qualities of environments, but study on disliked environmental attributes is also important, especially when economical components are influential. Since land prices and construction costs are increasing, communities should consider reducing useless spaces. Looking through research, adequate study of “wasted space” was not found. For an exploratory study of “wasted space” and attributes affecting it, 25 apartments were evaluated. These were selected from 55 cases in a high-dense district in Tehran-Iran. Then, a semi structural interview with 30 residents (men, women, parents and children, owners and tenants from 18 to70 years old) was conducted. Each interviewee was asked to define “wasted space,” indicate spaces they saw as “wasted”, explain why they called them as “wasted” and discus their attempts for reusing them. Using the same questionnaire, a group of 10 designers and design professions from Shahid Beheshti University evaluated the same apartments. They also were asked to determine places where they call as wasted space during teaching. Considering different aspects of space (physical, perceived, cognitive, and behavioural) and different features of each, with coded keywords extracted from interviews, research found that:<br />- Both professionals and non-professionals had the same definitions of “wasted space;”<br />- The two main aspects of space for defining “wasted space” were physical and behaviour setting;<br />- For physical space, respondents repeatedly referred to three attributes: geometry, proportion and area;.<br />- For behavioural setting, they only mentioned “furniture;”<br />- Lack of association between the geometry and behavioural settings led to “wasted space”.<br />- Owners and tenants differed in determining “wasted space;”<br />- In some cases, design professionals differed from the others in what they considered wasted space;<br />- Two types of “wasted space” emerged: visible and invisible. Visible referred to physical aspects of space determined almost by both professions and non-professions while invisible type derived from behavioural attributes shown by most of professions.<br />- Factors relating to “perceived space” reduced undesirable effects of “wasted space”. <br />- Affective meaning of space may reduce undesirable effects of wasted space and works as a moderator.<br />- One may wrongly call a space as wasted. A space could formally be perceived as wasted while it may respond to socio-cultural needs.<br />Findings represent a comprehensive structure for wasted space. It can help designers lessen unused space in houses in high-density cities through changing layout, shapes, proportions, juxtapositions and considering behavioural needs. Further study could determine the accuracy and generality of the findings. It could focus on wasted space with other functions such as commercial, educational, and office buildings to know how economical components -which are affective in residential buildings- affect wasted space.<br /> https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_90093_825dcee9284fc7b86815672d88832b78.pdf