ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analyzing the Most Important Skills Needed For Urban Planners In Iran And The Success Of The Undergraduate Education in Transferring Those Skills
There has been extensive debates about the similarities and differences between urban planning educations in developed versus developing counties. Some believe that increasing interdependence among nations, an ever greater need for cross – cultural cooperation, is required to close the gap in skill and knowledge between developed and developing countries and shrinking international borders make it necessary to have universalism in planning education (Amirahmadi,1990). On the other hand significant differences in value systems, stages of development, and socio – economic priorities between developed and developing countries make some fundamental differences in education in developing countries which could not be ignored (Burayidi,1993). In fact, urban planning education currently offered in the developed western countries may not be quite relevant and adequate for the students in the developing countries, which is due to fact that there exist real challenges in developing worlds (Banerjee, 1990).
These challenges make it necessary for urban planners in developing countries to have some specific skills to be successful in a world with different planning processes, compared to developed countries. For example, while the proposed plan should be accepted by the public or residents of a neighborhood in a developed country, it only needs the approval of certain elected/selected officials in developing countries. This means that although communication skill is the most important skill in developed countries (Gospodini & Skayannis, 2005), it is the technical role which is the most important skill of planners in the third world countries (Diaw, Nnkya, & Watson, 2002). It becomes, therefore, obvious the required skills to be taught to planning students in developing countries, such as Iran, are not quite similar to that of developed countries.
This paper has two objectives. First, attempt will be made to prioritize urban planner's skills, at the undergraduate and graduate levels, in developing countries, using the case of Iran, and second, to survey how much planning education in Iran has been successful in training this skills.A total of 341 questionnaires were filled by planning directors and instructors, students and graduates of eleven universities throughout all over Iran.
The results of this research show that there is a crucial difference between urban planners’ skills in developing vs developed countries which comes from difference in preparation and approval procedure of urban development plans in these countries. While the most important skill required for planner in developed countries is communication skill; it is not the case for developing ones. For an urban planner in Iran, it is the team working, technical, and data collecting skills in the undergraduate level, and analytical skills, oral presentation and problem defining in the graduate level that are regarded as the most important skills for planners. Managerial skills, such as ability to prepare a budget program and project management is less important, both for planners with undergraduate and graduate degrees. Planning education in Iran is at the moderate level in training planning skills. It is more successful in training analytical, technical and oral presentation skills while management skills, relation with other planners and official are neglected.
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55642_54aba2f23ffc730cd090403bcafbce8b.pdf
2015-01-21
5
16
10.22059/jfaup.2015.55642
urban planner skills
urban planning education
Evaluation
Iran
Hossein
Bahrainy
hbahrain@ut.ac.ir
1
Professor of Urban Design and Planning, Department of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Elham
Fallah Manshadi
2
PhD of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
Afshar, F. (2001). Preparing Planners for a Globalizing World: The Planning School at the University of Guelph. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20 (3), 339-352.
1
Alexander, E. R. (2007). What Do Planners Need To Know? Journal of Planning Education and Research , 20 (3) , 376-380.
2
Bayer, M., Frank, N., & Valerius, J. (2010). Becoming an Urban Planner: A Guid to Careers in Planning and Urban Design. U.S.A. Wiley.
3
Budge, T. (2009). Educating Planners, Educating for Planning or Planning Education: the Never-Ending Story. Australian Planner ,46(1) , 8-13.
4
Burayidi, M. A. (1993). Dualism and Universalism: Competing Paradigms in Planning Education. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 12(3) , 223-229.
5
Cook, A. (1999). Undercurrents of Change in Planning Education in Hung Kong. Planning Practice and Research, 14(2) , 247-249.
6
Dalton, L. C. (2001). Weaving The Fabric of Planning As Education. Journal of Planning and Research , 20(4) , 423-436.
7
Diaw, k., Nnkya, T., & Watson, V. (2002). Planning Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Responding to the Demands of a Changing context. Planning Practice and Research ,17(3) , 337-348.
8
Ellis, G., Morison, S., & Purdy, J. (2008). A New Concept of Interprofessional Education in Planning Programs: Reflections on Health Urban Planning Project. Journal for Education in the Built Environment , 3(2), 75-93.
9
Freeston, R., Williams, P., Tomapson, S., & Thrimbath, K. (2007). A Quantitative Approach to Assessment of Work-based Learning Out-comes: An Urban Planning Application. Higher Education Research and Development , 26(4) , 347-361.
10
Friedmann, J. (1996). The Core Curriculum in Planning Revisited. Journal of Planning Education and Research , 15(2), 89-104.
11
Gospodini, A., & Skayannis, P. (2005). Toward an Integration Model of Planning Education Programs in a European and International Context: The Contribution of Recent Greek Experience. Planning Theory & Practice ,6 (3) , 355-382.
12
Guzzetta, J. D., & Bollens, S. A. (2003). Urban Planners Skills and Competencies: Are We Different from Other Professions? Does Context Matter? Do We Evolve? Journal of Planning Education and Research , 23(1) , 96-106.
13
Holliday, S. (2011). The Challenges of Being a Planner Today. Sydney: Planning Institute Australia (PIA).
14
Horen, B. v., Michael, L., & Pinnawala, S. (2004). Localizing a Global Discipline, Designing New Planning Programs in Sri Lanka. Journal of Planning Education and Research , 23(3) , 255-268.
15
Innes, J. (1997). The Planner's Century. Journal of Planning Education and Research , 16(3) , 227-228.
16
Kaufman, S., & Simons, R. (1995). Quantitative and Research Methods in Planning: Are Schools Teaching What Practitioners Practice? Journal of Planning Education and Research, 15(1) , 17-33.
17
Kuehl, P. G. (1992). Job Analysis Survey: American Institute of Certifies Planners. Rockville, MD: Westat, Inc.
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Kunzman, K. R. (1997). The Future of Planning Education in Europe. AESOP News.
19
Mitrany, M., & Stokols, D. (2005). Gauging The Transdisciplinary Qualities and Outcomes of Doctoral Training Programs. Journal of Planning Education and Research , 24(4) , 437-449.
20
Myers, D., & Banerjee, T. (2007). Toward Greater Heights for Planning: Reconciling the Differences Between Profession, and Academic Field. Journal of the American Planning Association , 71(2) , 121-129.
21
Ozawa, P., & Seltez, E. (1999). Taking Our Bearing: Mapping Among Planning Practice, Theory and Education. Journal of Planning Education and Research , 18(3) , 257-266.
22
Sandercock, L. (1998). Toward Cosmopolis. UK: Wiley.
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Seltzer, E., & Ozawa, C. P. (2002). Clear Signals: Moving on to Planning's Promise. Journal of Planning Education and Research , 22(1) , 77-86.
24
25. Zehner, R. (1999). Planners in OZ: Linking Practice with Education. Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning Conference. Chicago.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of the Urban Form Effect on Operational Energy Consumption; the Case of Shiraz
Reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have become a worldwide necessity. Iran has the sixteenth ranking position of global greenhouse gas emissions and its rate of growth is above global average. Built environments are responsible for about 40% of energy consumption and it is generally approved that the greatest portion of built environment is dedicated to residential land use. Thus improving energy efficiency of the existing dwelling stock in urban regions will increasingly be part of achieving sustainable development in future. Therefore the main goal of this article is analyzing the sustainability of urban residential sector with focusing on operational energy consumption (Energy consumed during the in-use phase of a building's life which is their biggest environmental impact). For this purpose we calculated the operational energy consumption of residential sectors (annual sum of gas and electricity consumption) and study it’s correlations with urban form characteristics. To do this urban form characteristics influencing energy consumption of residential sector were chosen regarding literature review (independent variables). These variables include plot orientation, quality of the building, prime material of the building façade, building archaism, structure of the building, area of the plot and some other influencing characters. Data regarding gas and electricity consumption of residents (dependent variables) were gathered via contacting related organizations. In this regard the next step was to transfer these energies to joule unit. Residential sectors were divided to seven different dwelling types including central-yard houses, attached terrace houses (one, two and three stories), apartments (above 3 story buildings), and villas and declined houses. To better understand effects of urban form on residential energy use we normalized energy consumption data with housing areas. Several important conclusions were derived from correlation coefficients including the strong correlate between dwelling type and capitation consumption of operational energy. It was also specified that there is a mediocre correlate between capitation consumption of operational energy and quality, archaism, structure and area of the plot. In calculating operational energy of residential buildings, we found out that central-yard houses with 65 GJ/M2 are the least energy efficient dwelling type among others. The most energy efficient dwelling type couldn’t be determined between villas with 8 GJ/M2 and declined houses with 14 GJ/M2 via the data base of this study. In ANOVA analyses, other important outcomes could be summarizes as follow: “concrete and steel structures” consume less operational energy per capita than “brick and iron” and similarly “brick and iron” structures consume less energy than “clay and wood” structures. Furthermore we discovered that buildings solar gain and operational energy consumption per capita have inverse relationship with each other. It is also evident that those buildings favoring south sunlight consume less energy than central yard buildings (which are in advantage of the four dimension sunlight). Statistical analyses also revealed that with a little connivance dwellings dating back to over 60 years are the least energy efficient types while newly built dwellings (less than 5 years) are the most energy efficient housing types in operational energy consumption per square meter.
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55692_401c7be0e16f2f003ede3da48f3a07f3.pdf
2015-01-21
17
26
10.22059/jfaup.2015.55692
Urban form
Energy consumption
Operational Energy
Dwelling Types
Khalil
Hajipour
hajipoor@shirazu.ac.ir
1
Assistant prof, of Urban Studies Department, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Narjes
Foroozan
foroozan.nrgs@yahoo.com
2
Master of Art in urban planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
حاجی پور، خلیل (1391)، جزوه درس برنامهریزی مسکن، دانشگاه شیراز، دانشکده هنر و معماری.
1
شهرداری شیراز، معاونت برنامهریزی، مدیریت آمار، فناوری و اطلاعات مکانی (2013, 05 07)، سایت شهرداری شیراز، بازیابی از www.eshiraz.ir/infotech.
2
شعبانی، نسرین؛ رضایی قهرودی، زهرا؛ قادری، سمانه؛ عباسی، سعید؛ حقیقی، عبدالحمید (1388)، اصلاح الگوی مصرف؛ جلد 1، انرژی، انتشارات معاونت برنامهریزی و نظارت راهبردی ریاست جمهوری، تهران.
3
کلانتری، خلیل (1382)، پردازش و تحلیل داده ها در تحقیقات اجتماعی- اقتصادی با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS، نشر شریف، تهران.
4
هاراوی، جان (1379)، درآمدی بر روشهای آماری: کاربرد آمار در پژوهش، ترجمه ملکمیان، لینا؛ برومندزاده، تقی، انتشارات دفتر پژوهشهای فرهنگی، تهران.
5
دفتر برنامهریزی کلان برق و انرژی (1389)، ترازنامه انرژی سال 1389، انتشارات وزارت نیرو، معاونت امور برق و انرژی، تهران.
6
Akar, G., Chen, N., & Gordon, S. I. (2013), Influence of Neighborhood Types on Trip Distances: A Case Study of Central Ohio, 92nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (pp. 1-19), TRB 2013 Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
7
Canadian Architect (2013, 02 14), Retrieved from Measures of Sustainability: http://www.canadianarchitect.com/asf/perspectives_sustainibility/measures_of_sustainablity/measures_of_sustainablity_intro.htm.
8
CORPUS (2011), CORPUS Discussion Paper 1 on Sustainable Housing Consumption, European Commission.
9
GHG Protocol (2015, 01 14), GHG Protocol for Cities, Retrieved from Greenhouse Gas Protocol: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/city-accounting.
10
Grubler, A. (2012), Urban Energy Systems. In G. W. Team, Global Energy Assessment (GEA) Toward a Sustainable Future (pp. 1307-1400), Cambridge University Press.
11
Gul, M. S., & Patidar, S. (2015), Understanding the energy consumption and occupancy of a multi-purpose academic building, Energy and Buildings,pp 155-165.
12
Holden, E., & Norland, I. T. (2005), three challenges for the compact city as a sustainable urban form: household consumption of energy and transport in eight residential areas in the Greater oslo Region, urban studies, pp2145-2166.
13
Holloway, D., & Bunker, R. (2005), Planning, Housing and energy use, National Housing Conference- Building for Diversity. Perth.
14
Hui, S. C. (2001), Low energy building design in high density urban cities, Renewable Energy, pp624-640.
15
Kellett, R. (2011), CITIES as if energy mattered, An urban form and community view of energy and carbon emissions.
16
Marique, A.-F., & Reiter, S. (2011), A method to evaluate the energy consumption of suburban neighborhoods, HVAC&R Research, pp88-99.
17
Mitchell, G. (2005), Urban development, form and energy use in buildings: A review for the SoLUTIONS project, Solutions and EPSRC.
18
Mohanty, B. (2012), SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENERGY: A Sourcebook for Asia,United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN HABITAT), Nairobi.
19
O’ Leary, F., Howley, M., & Ó Gallachóir, B. (2005), Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in the Residential Sector 1990 – 2004, Sustainable Energy Ireland.
20
OECD. (2010), Cities and Green Growth-key points. Retrieved from OECD: http://www.oecd.org/urban/roundtable/45327138.pdf.
21
Pullen, S. (2007), Embodied Energy of Residential Areas,University of Adelaide Press, Adelaide.
22
Quadrelli, R., & Park, T. (2013, 06 11), Energy Efficiency Indicators Workshop: New Challenge: Doing so much more with so much less, International Energy Agency, Paris.
23
The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (2014), Planning Energy Efficient and Livable Cities; MAYORAL GUIDANCE NOTE #6, The World Bank, Washington.
24
Troy, P., Holloway, D., Pullen, S., & Raymond, B. (2010), Embodied and Operational Energy Consumption in the City, Urban Policy and Research, pp9-44.
25
UNEP. (2007), Buildings and Climate Change: status, challenges and opportunities, United Nations Environment Programme.
26
UNEP. (2015, 09 17), Why Buildings, Retrieved from United Nations Environment Programme: http://www.unep.org/sbci/AboutSBCI/Background.asp
27
Ward, I. C. (2008), What are the energy and power consumption patterns of different types of built environment?, Energy policy, pp4622-4629.
28
Weinberg, S. L., & Knapp, S. (2002), Data Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Using SPSS, Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
29
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30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Moving Body of the Spectator and Formation of Spatial Sequences in Cinematic Architecture
Sergei Eisenstein, the prominent Soviet filmmaker and theoretician, was interested in the inherent inspirations from the potentials of ancient art of architecture in order to enhance the emerging art of cinema. He regarded highly the baroque architecture and its capabilities to incorporate the user and convert him/her to an active character in architectural drama. Eisenstein believed in the primary relationship between an architectural construction and the structure of a film, and considered a corporeal presence of a moving viewer for both of them. A film's observer moves along an imaginary path and passes through multiples filmic spaces and cinematic times. He suggested that film had inherited such ability from architecture and emphasized the importance and necessity of considering the "cinematic path" and the "architectural path". The model of architectural promenade, influenced by Eisenstein's debates, declared by Le Corbusier, is often considered as an attempt to shape to a cinematic architecture. By realizing the affinity between the spatial perception of a user in an architectural complex and a spectator of the film, Le Corbusier attempted to borrow from potentials of cinema in the architectural design process. In this procedure, the spatial sequences are formed by considering the changing positions and the shifting perspectives of the moving observer.A moving user forms a coherent image from the varying perspectives and architectural frames which provoke him to keep moving through a building. It might be discussed that for Le Corbusier, the perception of architecture makes sense only by the corporeal presence of a user in the building who, due to bodily movement through the spaces, may give a temporal and cinematic essence to architecture in such a way as a film's spectator, by moving through a narrativized space and sequential path, could relate the spaces to each other. It is worth citing that great architecture historian,Siegfried Gideon, in his famous argument about sequential and Space-time characteristics of Le Corbusier's works (particularly Villa Savoye), compares them with baroque architecture and the works of Borromini. As Gideon declares Borromini to be an architect to have all of his techniques in design act as strategies to create a sense of movement in the user. The Gideon's tutor, Heinrich Wölfflin believed that baroque art is the emblem of aesthetic of movement and in baroque, every fragment finds its meaning only in its relation with movement. The present article, at first by borrowing arguments from philosophers such as Walter Benjamin and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, attempts to show that in both film and architecture, a spectator perceives space in haptic and tactile way and by an embodied presence. Then, we try to make clear that the capacities and potentials of cinema can act as an inspiration source for architects in the design process. Due to advances in the cinematic space making and achieving the more complex relationship between space and time, and also between body and space in contemporary cinema, we believe, architectural adaptation from the potentials of space-centered medium of cinema, can help augment contemporary architectural space.
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55693_efa24b94102bb968d0d0218e9de4ec16.pdf
2015-01-21
27
36
10.22059/jfaup.2015.55693
Cinematic Space
Promenade Architecture
Spatial Sequence
Moving Body of Spectator
Baroque Space
Mohammad Bagher
Ghahramani
mbgh@ut.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor, School of Performing Arts, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Marzieh
Piravi Vanak
2
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamed
Mazaherian
mazaherian@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Sayyad
4
Ph.D. Student of Art Studies, Faculty of Art, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
آنوین، سیمون(1390)، بیست بنایی که هر معماری باید بشناسد، ترجمه: مسعود حبیبی و حسین رسولی، نشر پشوتن، تهران.
1
استم،رابرت(1389)، مقدمه ای بر نظریه فیلم، ترجمه: گروه مترجمان به کوشش احسان نوروزی، شرکت انتشارات سوره مهر، تهران.
2
بنیامین، والتر(1390)، اثر هنری در عصر تولید مکانیکی، در اکران اندیشه: فصل هایی در فلسفه سینما، ترجمه پیام یزدانجو، نشر مرکز، تهران.
3
پیراوی ونک، مرضیه(1389)، پدیدار شناسی نزد مرلوپونتی، انتشارات پرسش، آبادان.
4
گیدئون، زیگفرید(1389)، فضا، زمان ، و معماری: رشد یک سنت جدید، ترجمه : منوچهر مزینی، شرکت انتشارات علمی فرهنگی، تهران.
5
کارمن، تیلور(1390)، مرلو-پونتی، ترجمه: مسعود علیا، انتشارات ققنوس، تهران.
6
لوکوربوزیه(1390)، به سوی معماری جدید، ترجمه محمد رضا جودت، تهران، انتشارات آرمانشهر.
7
یزدانجو، پیام(1390)، اکران اندیشه: فصل هایی در فلسفه سینما، نشر مرکز، تهران.
8
Barker, Jennifer M. (2009), The Tactile Eye: Touch and the Cinematic Experience, University of California Press, Berkeley.
9
Boyer, M. Christine (1994), The City of Collective Memory: Its Historical Imagery and Architectural Entertainments, MIT Pres, Cambridge.
10
Bruno, Giuliana (2002), Atlas of Emotion : Journeys in Art, Architecture, and Film, Verso, London & New York.
11
Bruno, Giulina (2010). Pleats of Matter, Folds of the Soul, in Afterimages of Gilles Deleuze's Film Philosophy, Edited by David Norman Rodowick, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
12
Ching, Francis D.K, Jarzombek, Mark M. & Prakash, Vikramaditya (2011), A Global History of Architecture, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey.
13
Colomina, Beatriz (1987), Le Corbusier and Photography, Assemblage, No. 4 (Oct), pp. 6-23.
14
Colomina, Beatriz (1992), the Split Wall Domestic Voyeurism, in Sexuality and Space, Edited by Beatriz Colomina, Princeton Architectural Press, pp: 73-128.
15
Colomina, Beattriz (1996), Privacy and Publicity: Modern Architecture as Mass Media, MIT Press, Cambridge.
16
Corbusier, Le (1999), Le Corbusier Talks with Students, Princeton Architectural Press, Princeton.
17
Dalle Vacche, Angela (2003), The Visual Turn : Classical Film Theory and Art History, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
18
Deleuze, Gilles (1997), Cinema II, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
19
Deleuze, Gilles (2006), The Fold, Translated by Tom Conley, Bloomsbury Academic.
20
Eisenstein, Sergei M. (1989), Montage and Architecture, Assemblage, No. 10 (December), pp: 111-131.
21
Eisenstein, Sergi M. (1990), Piranesi, or the Fluidity of Forms, in The Sphere and the Labyrinth: Avant-gardes and Architecture from Piranesi to the 1970s, Edited by ManfredoTafutri, MIT Press, Cambridg.
22
Faure, Elie (1975), the Art of Cineplastics, in Film: an Anthology, Edited by Daniel Talbot, University of California Press, Berkeley.
23
Frichot, Helene (2005), Stealing into Gilles Deleuze's Baroque House, in Deleuze and Space, Edited by Ian Buchanan & Gregg Lambert, Edinburgh University Press.
24
Giedion, Sigfried (1995), Building in France, Building in Iron, Building in Ferroconcrete, Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities.
25
Hauser, Arnold (1999), Social History of Art, Volume 4: Naturalism, Impressionism, The Film Age, Taylor & Francis.
26
Joedicke, Jurgen (1984), the Ramp as Architectonic Promenade in Le Corbusier's Work,Daidalos, N. 12,( June),pp: 104-108.
27
Kleiner, Fred (2009), Gardner's Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition, Book C, Renaissance and Baroque, Cengage Learning.
28
Koeck, Richard (2012), Cine-scapes: Cinematic Spaces in Architecture and Cities , Routledge, London & New York.
29
LaValley, Albert J., & Scherr, Barry P. (2001), Eisenstein at 100 : a Reconsideration , Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
30
Pallasmaa, Juhani (2001), The Architecture of Image: Existential Space in Cinema, Building Information Limited.
31
Panofsky, Erwin (2003),Style and Medium in the Motion Pictures, inThe Visual Turn: Classical Film Theory and Art History, Edited by Angela Dalle Vacche, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
32
Penz, François(2004), The Architectural Promenade as Narrative Device: Practiced Based Research in Architecture and Moving Image, Digital Creativity, Vol. 15, Issue 1, (March), pp: 39-51.
33
Pudovkin, Vesvolod (1949), Film Technique, translated by I. Montagu, Lear, New York.
34
Rajchman, John (2010), Deleuze's Time, or How the Cinematic Changes Our Idea of Art, in Afterimages of Gilles Deleuze's Film Philosophy, Edited by David Norman Rodowick, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
35
Thomas, Maureen, & Penz, François (2003), Architectures of Illusion : from Motion Pictures to Navigable Interactive Environments, Intellect, Bristol & Portland.
36
Salazkina, Masha (2008), Baroque Dialectics or Dialectical Baroque: Sergei Eisenstein in/on Mexico, in European Film Theory, edited by Temenuga Trifonova, Routledge, London & New York.
37
Soltani, Amir (2008), Cinesensory: a Filmic Design for Mapping Haptic Space, International design and cinema conference,Istanbul.
38
Vidler, Anthony (1992), The Architectural Uncanny : Essays in the Modern Unhomely, MIT Press, Cambridge.
39
Vidler, Anthony (2000), Warped Space : Art, Architecture, and Anxiety in Modern Culture, MIT Press, Cambridge.
40
Virilio, Paul (2009), The Aesthetics of Disappearance,Translated by Philip Beitchman, Semiotext.
41
Wolfflin, Heinrich (1950), Principles of Art History: The Problem of the Development of Style in Later Art, Dover.
42
Wollen, Peter (2002), Paris Hollywood : Writings on Film, Verso, London & New York.
43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Role of Tradition and Belief in Physical Modifications to Housing Reconstruction after 2005 earthquake in Qeshm Island, Gavarzin village
Reconstruction programs often take only physical aspects into consideration, however, deep perception of the people’s lifestyle as well as their beliefs, values and culture is critically important to ensure a successful design of destroyed houses and contexture. In addition, efficient and successful management scheme after any disaster is drastically dependent on such an understanding. Due to its position and history, Qeshm Island possesses social, religious, traditional, cultural conditions and values different from other neighbouring area the mainland of the country. These varieties emerged during reconstruction period after 2005 earthquake and resulted in people dissatisfaction and thus modification on the reconstructed houses. This paper investigates the role of belief and tradition in housing reconstruction after the earthquake in rural areas of Qeshm Island. Typical components of the native people’s beliefs generally include: being strongly influenced by religious leaders, living together in extended families, having more than one wife, fundamental religious beliefs such as prohibition of getting bank loan with interest and the traditions such as land ownership rules. In some occasions, these beliefs were in favour of, and some other times they were against the housing process. This is notable that over the past ten years, a large number of houses are still vacant or have been changed inappropriately by the people to satisfy their needs. The methodology employed in this qualitative research is content analysis by conducting deep interviews, photography, sketching, analysing obtained data and reviewing available documents such as books, reports, articles and internet resources. In order to collect field data, four trips were programmed to the region and one village was selected. This village was selected with regard to a number of parameters such as: the amount of its devastation, the positioning method, replacement of the reconstructed village after the earthquake and formation of various contexts after the reconstruction.Furthermore, in order to select sample houses, stratified random sampling method was utilized. For this purpose, existing families of the village were divided into some numbered groups according to their location (old context, new township, Gavarzin Baalaa and emergency settlement), type of livelihood, number of wives and number of each house’s residents; and thereafter, 11 samples were selected in proportion to their frequency. In addition, deep interviews were conducted with people of different specifications and backgrounds as well as the local leaders and relief /reconstruction officials. It was observed that in the villages of Qeshm Island, religious values play a crucial role and the local people changed their reconstructed houses based on their own needs. The study concludes that officials concentrated on physical aspects of reconstruction only. Nevertheless, other intangible aspects such as culture and beliefs of the people and their influence on daily activities, particular cultural issues originating from ethnicity and religion, the role of religious leaders and cultural changes before the disaster are rarely taken into consideration. Therefore, it is recommended that the officials gain a comprehensive knowledge about the affected society prior to any other operations.
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55694_9ac25ac3deef44968f3a47b47e9cc75c.pdf
2015-01-21
37
46
10.22059/jfaup.2015.55694
Reconstruction
Tradition and Beliefs
Housing
Gavarzin village
Alireza
Fallahi
alifallahi30@gmail.com
1
PhD, Associate Professor, Post-disaster reconstruction research group, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Haleh
Mehdipour
haleh_mehdipour@yahoo.com
2
MSc, post-disaster reconstruction, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
اداره کل حوادث و سوانح غیرمترقبه استان هرمزگان، 1384، گزارش مستندسازی زلزله سال 1384 جزیره قشم، استانداری هرمزگان.امینیان، سعید، جانی پور، بهروز، سهرابی، ثریا، 1390، گونه شناسی مسکن روستایی استان هرمزگان، بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی.
1
آیسان و دیویس، 1385، معماری و برنامهریزی بازسازی، فلاحی، علیرضا، انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران.
2
پوردیهیمی.شهرام، 1390، فرهنگ و مسکن، مجله مسکن و محیط روستا، شماره 134، صص 3-18.
3
راپاپورت، آموس، مرداد 1366، منشا فرهنگی مجتمع های زیستی، راضیه رضازاده، جهاد دانشگاهی دانشگاه علم و صنعت تهران.
4
معروفی. یحیی، یوسفزاده. محمدرضا، 1388، تحلیل محتوا در علوم انسانی، انتشارات سپهر دانش. همدان.
5
میری، سید حسن، شاکری زاده ابیانه، عباس، 1390، از بردیه تا ساریه، آموخته هایی از بازسازی پس از سوانح تجربه بازسازی روستاهای جنگزده خوزستان. انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، 231-292.
6
هولستی. ال-آر، 1373، تحلیل محتوا در علوم اجتماعی و انسانی، نادر سالارزاده امیری، انتشارات دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی. تهران.
7
Aysan.Yasemin, Oliver.Paul, 1987, Housing and Culture after Earthquakes, A guide for future policy making on housing in seismic areas, Oxford Polytechnic.
8
Phillips, Brenda.D. 1993, culture Diversity in disaster, sheltering, housing and long term recovery, international journal of mass emergency and disaster, 11(1), pp99-110.
9
Chen, Hongtu, Chung, Henry, Chen, Teddy, Fang, Lin, Chen, Jian-Ping. 2003. The emotional distress in a community after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. Community Mental Health, 39(2), pp157-165.
10
Glaser. Barney, Strauss. Anselm, 1967, the discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: aldine publishing.
11
Jigyasu, Rohit, 2013, Long-Term Cultural Impacts of Disaster Decision-Making: The Case of Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in Marathwada, India. International Journal of Architectural Research, 7(3), pp14-23.
12
Kondracki. Nancy, Wellman. Nancy, Amundson. Daniel, 2002, Content analysis: Review of methods and their applications in nutrition education, Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 34(4), pp224-230.
13
Norris, Fran, Alegría, Margarita, 2008, Promoting Disaster Recovery in Ethnic-Minority Individuals and Communities, Ethno cultural Perspectives on Disaster and Trauma, Foundations, Issues, and Applications, Springer-Verlag New York, Editors: Marsella, A, Johnson, J, Watson, P, Gryczynski, J, pp15-35.
14
Oliver, Paul, 1978, the Cultural Context of Shelter Provision, Disaster, Pergamon Press, 2(2-3), pp125-128.
15
Rapoport, Amos, 1969, House Form and Culture, Prentice-Hall.
16
Westrik, Carol, Neuerburg, Sieta, 2010, The Role of Culture in Post-conflict and Post-disaster Situations, Forum Archaeologies, 55(5), http://farch.net.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Processes of Towns
Urbanization, Urbanism at the third to fifth centuries AD
In Iran
Iran, between Third to fifth centuries AD, witnessed one of the urbanization boom periods in his history. In this period, Iranian towns were capable of Commodity exchange and manufacturing products. In this context, growth of knowledge and Rationalism , Moderation in politics, community participation, Growth and development of the intellectual trends and movements caused Rationality and reasoning. This period is named Iranian Renaissance. During the renaissance movement , scientific and cultural life of the people was important : at Literature: Rudaki, Jami, Abu-Shakur Balkhi, Ferdowsi, farokhi, M, Khayyam; at Philosophy and science: Farabi, Avicenna, Miskawayh , Khayyam ; at training : Nezamieh schools , Ismailia centers, Tasavouf centers; at official Management(Divans): A. Balkhi, Saheb ibn Abbad, Hasanak the Vizier, abdol Malik kondri, Nizam al-Mulk, Taj al – mulk. at Tasavouf movement : Imam Muhammad al-Ghazali, Imam Ahmad Ghazali; at Religious Movement: Mu'tazilite, Mutekalemin, Motesharehin and Fogaha, Batnyvn and Ismailia are cases in point which shows space of life which were crystallized in towns. In my opinion, growth of Asnaf (trade-union) activities and their link with scientists is one of the most important factors in Industrial production growth and business development, growth population in Towns and villages, formation of independent states and development of the policy.
In this study, questions are:
1 - Between third to fifth centuries AD, What mode of economic and social relations were dominated and which foundations of civic life were there?
3 -Through which mechanism, social groups are formed the urban life and a system of urban settlements that have been involved? 4 –which and how internal and external factors caused the collapse of civilization were sighted?
In relation to these processes and its spatial form, there are a lot of debates.
It seems, Due to continuous Tension, both in Infrastructure (Economics) and the superstructure (politics), and according to the dynamics of social interaction, our historical society has constant oscillation between the two systems: Feudalism and Asiatic mode of production .Thus, the urban life has not a relative stability for Sustainable accompaniment between processes of Urbanization and Urbanism.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the general dynamics of urban development and urbanism and explain the content of concepts of the Towns in that period .This study is based on systematical – Historical Method.
The main topics of the study is to evaluate of Interactions system between market forces, local government, Asnaf ( trade unions) , social foundations, Material and intellectual production and upgrading of social life in towns. The most important findings are an explanation of the accompaniment between Urbanization and Urbanism which made possible growth of Town and made them librated from domination of government. And as in Ghaznavid and Seljuks periods is showed: due to pattern of local government– religious policy, accompaniment between process of urbanization and urbanism as a precondition of civilization declined and social life in towns began to confine. Thus spatial form of towns experienced a backward to pre -boeyan period
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55695_e0b7124b0b7da2a536aaed58d199ed6d.pdf
2015-01-21
47
64
10.22059/jfaup.2015.55695
Hamid Reza
parsi
hparsi@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant professor in Urban Planning, faculty of urban planning , College of Fine Arts , University of Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
آدام متز (1378 )، تمدن اسلامی در قرن چهارم هجری یا رنسانس اسلامی، ترجمه علیرضا ذکاوتی قرا گوزلو، انتشارات امیرکبیر، چاپ سوم، تهران.
1
2ـ ابن خلدون، عبدالرحمان بن محمد (1337)، مقدمه، ترجمه محمد پروین گنابادی، بنگاه ترجمه و نشرکتاب، تهران.
2
3ـ ادیبی، حسین (1355)، مقدمهای بر جامعهشناسی شهری، انتشارات شبگیر، تهران.
3
4ـ اشرف احمد (1359)، موانع تاریخی رشد سرمایه داری در ایران: دورۀ قاجاریه، انتشارات زمینه، تهران.
4
5ـ اشرف، احمد (1353)، مقاله ویژگیهای تاریخی شهرنشینی در ایران، مجله نامه علوم اجتماعی، دوره اول، شماره 4، سال 1353، انتشارت دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران.
5
6ـ پطروشفسکی (1359)، تاریخ ایران – ایران در سدههای میانه، ترجمه سیروس ایزدی و حسین تحویلی، انتشارات دنیا، تهران.
6
7ـ پیگولوسکایا (1348)، تاریخ ایران دوران باستان تا قرن 18، ترجمه کریم کشاورز، انتشارات پیام، تهران.
7
8ـ چایچیان محمد علی (1390)، شهر و روستا در خاورمیانه: ایران و مصر در گذار به جهانی شدن، ترجمه حمید رضا پارسی و آرزو افلاطونی، موسسه چاپ و انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
8
9 ـ حبیبی (1386)، از شار تا شهر: تحلیلی تاریخی از مفهوم شهر و سیمای کالبدی، موسسه چاپ وانتشارات دانشگاه، تهران.
9
10 ـ خسروی، خسرو (1352)، نظامهای بهره برداری از زمین، انتشارات پیام، تهران.
10
11ـ دانشگاه کیمبریج، زیر نظر پی.ام. ـ آن .ک.س.لمبتون (1388 )، تاریخ اسلام، ترجمه احمد آرام، فصل اول تجزیۀ خلافت اسلامی در خاور، موسسه انتشارات امیرکبیر، تهران.
11
112ـ راوندی، مرتضی (1374 ) تاریخ اجتماعی ایران، جلد هشتم، بخش اول، انتشارات نگاه، تهران.
12
13ـ سعید الشیخی، صباح ابراهیم (1362)، اصناف در عصر عباسی، ترجمه دکتر هادی علمزاده، مرکز نشر دانشگاهی، تهران.
13
14ـ صفا، ذبیحالله (1351)، تاریخ ادبیات در ایران، جلد اول و دوم، انتشارات ابنسینا، تهران.
14
15ـ فشاهی، محمد رضا (1354 ) از گاتها تا مشروطیت، گزارشی کوتاه از تحولات فکری و اجتماعی درجامعه فئودالی ایران، انتشارات گوتنبرگ، تهران.
15
16ـ فشاهی، محمدرضا (1354) مقدمهای بر سیر تفکر در قرون وسطی، انتشارات گوتنبرگ، تهران.
16
17 ـ لاهوری، اقبال(1354)، سیر فلسفه در ایران، ترجمه دکتر امیر حسین آریان پور، نشر بامداد، تهران.
17
18ـ لسترنج (1367)، جغرافیای تاریخی سرزمینهای خلافت شرقی، ترجمه محمود عرفان، چاپ انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی،تهران.
18
19 ـ لمبتون، آن (1345 )، مالک و زارع در ایران، ترجمه منوچهر امیری، بنگاه ترجمه و نشر کتاب، تهران.
19
20ـ نصر، سیدحسین (1345)، نظر متفکران اسلام درباره طبیعت، انتشارات امیرکبیر، تهران.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Conformance-based and Performance-based approaches of Implementation evaluation in land-use planning , Case study: Conformance-based evaluation in city of Lavasan
Planning of cities in order to respond to considerable needs of urban population, is one of the most important concerns of urban managers and authorities. Urban development plans which have been provided to respond to these issues, have different objectives and characteristics. Hence different plans are developed to plan and organize cities. Most of these plans are being prepared without consideration of outcomes and results of previous plans. They don't evaluate and measure the success of previous plans in improving the condition of city. Evaluation enhances planning practice. It legitimizes planning before citizens, providing sustained appraisals on planning products, procedures and results. Implementation evaluation of urban development plans can result in creating efficient and responding plans. Many regulatory-oriented planning systems employ comprehensive land-use plans as a central tool for carrying out planning policies. Aside from the vast effort invested in planning, land-use plans have a direct economic effect on land value and property rights. So, Land-use plan as a part of urban development plan which has considerable influence on public and private interest, needs to be evaluated more than other parts.
Implementation evaluation of plans is performed based on three main approaches: Conformance-based, Performance-based and synthesis approaches. Conformance-based evaluation means judging the success or failure of planning using one or two criteria - the conformance degree between the outcomes on the ground and the plan proposals and the promotion of planning goals and objectives through the available implementation instruments-. Performance-based evaluation follows from defining a plan as a decision framework. After distinguishing between project plans and strategic plans and concluding that the conformance criterion is useful only in the evaluation of the former, performance-based approach develops the performance criterion to assess strategic plans. In some few studies on plan implementation, researchers explore the potentialities of an integrated use of both approaches and their simultaneous application for comparative purposes. These researchers have tried to create new methods based on the strengths of those approaches.
This study wants to measure the conformance between proposed plan and current condition of city and to evaluate the implementation of land-use plan of Lavasan with regards to this. The evaluation is based on three factors: land-use, density and floor area ratio. Non- conformances in land-use has been grouped in 12 main groups. Results show that 54 percent of city area has non -conformance in land -use which 12 percent of these non -conformances are basic and they represent disobedience from proposed plan. Moreover, 7 percent of city area is allocated to lots with non-conformance in floor area ratio and 9 percent of city area is allocated to lots with non -conformance in density. 5 percent of lots have both non - conformances - floor area ratio and density- . Most of non- conformances has been occurred in central neighborhoods of city.
In order to reduce these non-conformances, it is useful to consider specific situation of Lavasan in providing new plans. Control and supervision of plan implementation is also helpful for improving plan's degree of success.
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55696_7cd12094a216060f0519a308bf63f8b4.pdf
2015-01-21
65
76
10.22059/jfaup.2015.55696
conformance
city of Lavasan
Implementation evaluation
Land-use
Razieh
Rafie
razieh.rafie@gmail.com
1
Master of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Art university of Tehran
AUTHOR
Naser
Barakpur
barakpoo@art.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor of urbanism department, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Art university of Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
زبردست، اسفندیار، (1388)، روشهای ارزیابی در شهرسازی، جزوه درس روشهای برنامهریزی شهری.
1
عبدی دانشپور، زهره، (1390)، درآمدی بر نظریه های برنامه ریزی با تاکید ویژه بر برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران.
2
وزارت راه و شهرسازی (مهندسین مشاور آمایش محیط)، (1-1386)، طرح تفصیلی شهر لواسان ،گزارش شناخت.
3
وزارت راه و شهرسازی (مهندسین مشاور آمایش محیط)، (2-1386)، طرح تفصیلی شهر لواسان، پیشنهادات.
4
وزارت راه و شهرسازی (مهندسین مشاور آمایش محیط)، (3-1386)، طرح تفصیلی شهر لواسان، ضوابط و مقررات مصوب.
5
وزارت راه و شهرسازی (مهندسین مشاور همکار پارس بوم) ، (1393)، طرح جامع جدید شهر لواسان، خلاصه گزارش شناخت.
6
Alexander, Ernest. R, Faludi, Andreas,(1989), Planning and plan implementation :notes on evaluation criteria, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 16,(127-140).
7
Alexander, Ernest. R, (2006a), Evolution and status: Where is planning evaluation today and how did it get here?, In Evaluation in planning: evolution and prospects, Alexander, Ernest. R, England:Ashgate.
8
Alexander, Ernest. R, (2006b), Problems and prospects: Dilemmas in evaluation and directions for the future, In Evaluation in planning: evolution and prospects, Alexander, Ernest. R, England:Ashgate.
9
Alterman, Rachelle, Hill, Morris, (1978), Implementation of urban land use plans, AIP Journal, Journal of American Institute of Planners, No.33, (274-285).
10
Baer, William C. , (1997), General plan evaluation criteria: An approach to better plans, Journal of American Planning Association, Vol.63, No.3, (329-344).
11
Brody, Samuel et al., (2005), Does planning work? Testing the implementation of local environmental planning in Florida, Journal of American Planning Association, Vol.71, No.2, (159-175).
12
Calkins, H.W. , (1979), The planning monitor: an accountability theory of plan evaluation, Environment and planning A, Vol.11, (745-758).
13
Chapin, Timothy et al., (2008), A parcel-based GIS method for evaluating conformance of local land use planning with a state mandate to reduce exposure to hurricane flooding, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 35,(261-279).
14
De Lange, M, Mastop, H, Spit, T, (1997), Performance of national policies, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 24,(845-858).
15
Driessen, P, (1997), Performance and implementation institutions in rural land development, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 24,(859-869).
16
Faludi, Andreas, (2000), The performance of spatial planning, Journal of Planning Practice & Research, Vol. 15, no.4, (299-318).
17
Laurian, Lucie et al., (2004), Evaluating plan implementation: A conformance-based methodology, Journal of American Planning Association, Vol.70, No.4, (471-480).
18
Laurian, Lucie et al., (2004), What drives plan implementation? Plans, Planning agencies and Developers, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol.47, No.4, (555-577).
19
Laurian, Lucie et al., (2010), Evaluating the outcomes of plans:theory, practice, and methodology, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 37,(740-757).
20
Lichefield, Nathaniel , Prat, Anna, (1998), Linking ex ante and ex post evaluation in british town planning, In Evaluation in planning, Lichefield, Nathaniel, England:Springer..
21
Loh, Carolyn. G. (2011), Assessing and Interpreting Non-conformance in Land-use Planning Implementation, Journal of Planning Practice & Research, Vol. 26, (271-287).
22
Mastop, Hans, Faludi, Andreas, (1997), Evaluation of strategic plans: the performance principle, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 24,(815-832).
23
Mastop, Hans, (1997), Performance in Dutch spatial planning:an introduction, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 24,(807-813).
24
Mastop, Hans, Needham, Barrie, (1997), Performance in spatial planning: the state of the art, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 24,(881-888).
25
Needham, Barrie et al., (1997), Strategies for improving the performance of planning: some empirical research, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 24,(871-880).
26
Oliveira, Vitor, Pinho, Paulo, (2010), Evaluation in urban planning: Advances and Prospects, Journal of Planning Literature, Vol.24, No.4, (343-361).
27
Oliveira, Vitor, Pinho, Paulo, (2010), Measuring success in planning: Developing and testing a methodology for planning evaluation, Journal of TPR, Vol.81, No.3, (307-331).
28
Oliveira, Vitor, Pinho, Paulo, (2009), Evaluating plans, Processes and results, Journal of Planning Theory and Practice, Vol.10, No.1, (35-63).
29
Rivolin, Umberto Janin, (2008), Conforming and performing planning systems in Europe:an unbearable cohabitation, Journal of Planning, Practice and Research, Vol.23, No.2, (167-186).
30
Van Damme,L et al., (1997), Improving the performance of local land use plans, Environment and planning B: Planning and Design, volume 24,(833-844).
31
Talen, Emily, (1996), Do plans get implemented? Areview of evaluation in planning, Journal of Planning Literature, Vol.10, No.3, (248-256).
32
Talen, Emily, (1996), After the plans: Methods to evaluate the implementation success of plans, Journal of Planning Education and Research, No.16, (79-91).
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of Authenticity Recognition Components in Cultural Heritage Conservation
Following the development and the qualitative and quantitative changes in communities, that have made substantial changes in historic environments; the authenticity concept has attracted attention in order to strike a balance between conservation and development approaches. The concept of authenticity has a fundamental role in balancing the plans and measures of historic urban heritage revitalization. Thus, the more consistent the new developments are with the concept of authenticity, the more integrated and balanced they will be with conservation. Authenticity possesses abstract origin and roots of the significance and value of the property and is as a transmitter of values and significance of cultural heritage has played the major role in the process of registration, conservation and management of cultural heritage .Authenticity as a multi-layered concept which has the role of transmitting values and significance of cultural heritage has found a special position in the process of recognition and conservation of heritage. As a result, developing a conceptual framework and following that, determining criteria for its evaluation in international documents and theories have been particularly emphasised. Thus, this paper; related to identification of authenticity, recognition components in cultural heritage conservation, poses its main question and works toward its main goal which is to develop a conceptual framework by determining the effective components in authenticity recognition based on analysis of international documents, conventions, and experts’ opinions. In this regard, this paper begins with reading and analysing international documents and conventions and theories related to the concept of authenticity in the field of cultural heritage, and then determines the aspects and dimensions explaining the concept of authenticity. Based on research questions and goals, the qualitative research methodology is chosen and with applying logical reasoning strategy as well as “content analysis” and “logical inference”; Moreover, reading and evidential observation based on books, papers and authentic documents are used as research tools.This paper aims to analyze the content by recognizing and categorizing international documents, conventions and theories. So, by determining the effective components in authenticity concept recognition; based on the literature review, the context for developing an authenticity conceptual framework in cultural heritage is provided. Based on the conducted analysis, five main components in authenticity, recognition are deduced that can be presented as two Tangible and Intangible aspects, as well as three dimensions of Stability, Continuity and Change. In addition, the evolution of heritage concept, from a solo monument to complexes, urban contexts, and beyond that to Cultural Landscape and Historic Urban Landscape, reveals that the more the scale of the view towards heritage changes from small to large; on one hand the more importance the intangible aspect gains. On the other hand, change and transformation which are inherent in heritage authenticity; beside the continuity of a stable condition, are more paid attention and discussed. Therefore, the current level of understanding of authenticity can be approached to develop a conceptual framework on the condition that the presented dual aspects and triple dimensions are considered in a complementary and consistent relation as an intertwined phenomena.
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55697_ba8a2d803c6b7888fe74cdabae5bb1c3.pdf
2015-01-21
77
86
10.22059/jfaup.2015.55697
Authenticity
Stability
Continuity
Change
Tangible
Intangible
Somayeh
Fadaei Nezhad
sarafadaei@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Parastoo
Eshrati
2
Assistant Professor, School of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University
AUTHOR
Andrews, T.D.; Buggey, S. (2008), Authenticity in Aboriginal Cultural Landscape, In Waite, Diana. (Ed.), APT Bulletin (pp. 63-70), Vol. XXXIX, No.2-3, Published by Association for Preservation Technology International.
1
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17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A study on rural housing zones in rural settlements of Iran interact with environmental factors
Providing appropriate rural housing in the country is a critical and ever- increasing demand. Solving current problems, in the rural housing prospects of the country requires essential research and planning. The first step in any type of planning towards improving or rehabilitation of rural housing conditions in Iran demands comprehensive and macro level information and an overall correct classification in the territorial rural geographic zone of the country. This paper has been pursuing to introduce geographical district classification (or territorial zoning) across the country (i.e. the rural settlements network) in order to identify zones in which similar types of rural housing are located.The classification intends to recognize and highlight rural settlement zones in terms of district classification of similar spatial areas and similar types of rural housing. This research study has been pursuing the following objectives:
- Identification of the basic (or lead) housing formation “types” across territorial zone of the country, cognition of the occurrence central point and the authority area of each major “housing type” and explaining how each of these types interact with environmental factors.
- Determination of the role of each geographic, natural, climatic, social, economic, political, and … factors on formation of indigenous housing across territorial rural geography of the country. In line with the above two objectives, the following basic information has also been formulated and prepared that may be mentioned as notable achievements of the plan:
- Brief and harmonized introduction of “transformed types” emerged from “basic types” and classified by province. This part of the work has uniformly collected the country’s available rural housing typology information from all provinces and classified in a predefined structure:
- Information layered map of all parameters influencing rural housing formation, classified by different provinces
- Basic ethnical zoning map of the country, in accordance with linguistic information
Rural housing in Iranian territorial zones is classified into eight “lead types”, with “transformed types” located within each “lead types”. Since no clear and definite boundary can be defined to breakdown or classify “types”, in many cases, distinct boundaries have not been defined. This discussion focuses on “basic types”’ formation center (or concentration point) and on spectral study of their area of authority.
Accordingly, rural housing formation zones of the basic (or lead) “types’” in Iran are as follows:
Zone 1: The Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf littoral
Zone 2: Caspian Sea fringes
Zone 3: Mountainous Kurdish settling areas of West
Zone 4: Azari settling areas in North West
Zone 5: Mid Alborz district and eastern Zagros plains
Zone 6: Settled Nomads and permanent residents of the western Zagros foothills
Zone 7: Central and eastern plains of Iran
Zone 8: Central highlands and plains in the central and eastern mountainous fringe areas
In continue, effective environmental factors in rural housing in identified zones have been studied.Sstudies show that somefactorshave adecisiverole, based on whichthehousing formationis up built. The factors determinethehousing formation “types”, in a monopolistic appearance forsome “types”.
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55698_c9cf1070d1043461b31ce0a867d4e18b.pdf
2015-01-21
87
100
10.22059/jfaup.2015.55698
Village
Rural Housing
Rural settlement
zoning
Ghazal
Raheb
raheb@iust.ac.ir
1
Assistant professor, Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center (BHRC).
LEAD_AUTHOR
الکساندر، کریستوفر(1381)، معماری و راز جاودانگی- راه بیزمان ساختن، ترجمة مهرداد قیومی بیدهندی، انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
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21