@article { author = {Hashemnejad, Hashem and Shangehpour, Souran}, title = {A design pattern of virtual architecture for social interaction in Iran Case study: Iranian architecture society}, journal = {Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning}, volume = {2}, number = {44}, pages = {5-14}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Tehran College of Fine Arts}, issn = {2228-6020}, eissn = {2676-4318}, doi = {}, abstract = {Along with the advent of recent communicative technologies, new cyber social networks have been emerged as the most influential line of interaction. This is a new world free from many of constraints and limitations of the physical world. It lacks weather, gravity, and geographical features; therefore it does not require addressing many of structures and necessities of the real world. In the virtual world, there is no climate that requires an indoor area which defines or protects the inner space. It is a geography constructed of information, a new planet with a new atmosphere no less breathable for being imaginary”. In this new realm, we seek a special design pattern which makes its inner networks proper to offer users the experience of being submerged in 3D virtual spaces to create an immense liberal interaction. Through a theoretical research, we studied on 3D virtual space characteristics in relation to social interactions, and categorized them into social context-dependents and independents. We characterized this virtual space as a fantastic, none liner, time-like and parametric architecture with its alloplasic space, fluidity and mass customization features and it should be free from controlling and monitoring so everyone could access this cyberspace directly and without any filtration. In the next step, to recognize dependent characteristics correspondent to Iranian social context, we asked a group of Architects (200 males & females) to determine which characteristics are responsible to their society’s needs. The outcome of this scrutiny leads to a virtual design pattern for social interaction in Iran. As a conclusion, we indicated that because of some constrains-low internet speed, low knowledge, bias and monitoring- that Iranian users have to deal with, we urge to go toward light capacity 3d virtual spaces that can be attractive for all different groups that live in Tehran and contains all marginal group in a interaction platform. It should be a place for practicing democracy before happening in the physical worlds. Most of interviewers are interested in virtual places provide users with high degree of selection, legible, semi real-fantastic, unexpected interaction and cross cultural contacts. In this way, architecture has to be liquefied, enraptured, reordered and identified again whenever participants tend to create a new collective identity. By changing virtual space and constituting cyber activism, they can be hopeful to make these changes in real society. Youth and women are more eager to participate in this new realm and they used it as reformist tools in society. For escaping monitoring, graphic expression can be a good way to express someone’s belief in an indirect way. They also can create new worlds in a cyberspace to transfer their opinion by implied words to the real world. It is a way of expressing yourself far from existing threats.Virtual spaces have a high potential for social dialogues and public communications which can enhance the level of social participation and make a renaissance in urban landscape. Public spaces presented via the internet are basically timeless. They are proper places to state social experiences in relation with both virtual and real realm.}, keywords = {Cultural and Social Communication,Design Pattern,Interaction,Iranian society,participation,Virtual Architecture}, title_fa = {الگوی طراحی معماری مجازی}, abstract_fa = {باظهور تکنولوژی‌های ارتباطی اخیر، ازجمله اینترنت، ما شاهد سر برآ‌وردن فضای جدیدی در داخل این محیط های دیجیتالی هستیم. این فضا به عنوان فضای مجازی شناخته می شود که معماری مختص به خود دارد. از آن رو که این فضا فاقد اضطرارهای محیطی مانند جاذبه، اقلیم و ... - وموارد مشابهی که در دنیای واقعی وجود دارند- است؛ می‌تواند کاملاً از معماری جهان واقعی متفاوت باشد. محیط های مجازی با ویژگی‌ها و پتانسیل‌های خاص خود می توانند ارتباطات وسیعی میان تعداد زیادی از کاربران با سطوح مختلف علمی و فرهنگی به وجود آورند و به محیطی برای تعامل آزاد اقشار مختلف جامعه تبدیل شوند و ما را به سمت یک جامعه مشارکتی حداکثری رهنمون سازند. این مقاله بر اساس تحقیقی می باشد که درصدد رسیدن به یک الگوی معماری مجازی است که بتواند در محیط های مجازی یک تعامل فرهنگی و اجتماعی را بین استفاده کنندگان به وجود آورد و مشارکت گروه‌های مختلف مردم را در سطح جامعه افزایش دهد. این تحقیق در دو حوزه مطالعاتی و میدانی صورت گرفته است و جامعه نمونه آماری قسمتی از جامعه معماری کشور می باشد. ابتدا در حوزه مطالعاتی به بررسی ویژگی‌های معماری بر اساس استنتاجات منطقی می پردازیم و سپس در حوزه میدانی آنها را به معرض آزمون می گذاریم.}, keywords_fa = {الگوی طراحی,تعامل فرهنگی و اجتماعی,مشارکت,معماری مجازی}, url = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23971.html}, eprint = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23971_9d52a6d8ef738b7f5314fa62b56c121e.pdf} } @article { author = {Hodjat, Isa and Ansari, Hamid Reza}, title = {Rethinking architectural education Studies based on high school education}, journal = {Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning}, volume = {2}, number = {44}, pages = {15-26}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Tehran College of Fine Arts}, issn = {2228-6020}, eissn = {2676-4318}, doi = {}, abstract = {This paper is a cased based investigation to identify the impact of high school educational system on the students of architecture. Identifying features of high school education can guide us to root of abnormalities in the first training year students. Most of them concern about their solutions, right or wrong. They don’t believe that these solutions are relative. They think that teachers should teach method of design then they design with the method and don’t believe that there are many right methods to design. Their approach to design is problem based not solution based. Some of the students can’t accept different abilities, and think they should be the best in class, because they were the best in high school. They sure the best students in mathematics and physics should be the best in architecture too. So, they can’t accept other students as a good student. They concern about any evaluation and scores. They usually ask about their score and think there are exact reasons for it such mathematics and physics. These are some of behavioral problems and anomalies of first year students. The aim of this research is clarifying the students’ history of mental to development the behavior system in education of architecture especially in architectural studios. Analysis and evaluation of quality high school education has done through a design exercise on the title of "museum of high school education". This study has done with the 35 second year students of architecture in two weeks. Students presented the museum through perspectives. These perspectives can show us the students’ cognitive maps about high school education. Analyzing memories, express feelings and clarifying students’ view to high school education was the hidden purpose of this exercise. During the course of this exercise the students were not aware of this purpose. Output of that practice, expressed the attitude of students to the period of high school education. Design "museum of high school education" and analysis of images produced by the students show some facts of high school education in Iran. It became apparent the reason of fatigue and depression of students when entering the university. Results of this research can reduce damage and repair behavioral and mental space of students by interpretation the images. Students’ behavioral problems and anomalies that are the impact of high school education include: - Despair of further education and sometimes depression, - Behavioral problems and anomalies, - Compete with each other and desire to remove the others and unhappiness of their progress, - No interest in and sometimes hatred of books, courses and... . - Concerns about any evaluation, and scores. The ways presented in this paper to deal with these students behavioral problems and anomalies include: - Motivate and deal with despair, - Deal with Behavioral problems and anomalies through creating a critique atmosphere in class, - Student participation in assessment and weakened sense of competition with each other, - Deal with no interest in courses, - Emphasis on different individual ability to reduce concerns about assessment.}, keywords = {Architectural Education,Architectural Studio,High School Education,Motivation}, title_fa = {بازاندیشی در رفتارهای آموزشی معماری بر پایه آسیب‌شناسی آموزش متوسطه}, abstract_fa = {مقاله حاضر دست‌آورد پژوهشی میدانی در ارزیابی کیفی تاثیر فضای آموزش متوسطه بر دانشجویان معماری است و سعی دارد تا با شناسایی ویژگی‌ها و خصوصیت‌های آموزش دوره متوسطه علت بروز ناهنجاری‌های موجود در آموزش دانشجویان سال‌های اول معماری را ریشه‌یابی نماید. انگیزه پژوهش آشنایی با پیشینه ذهنی - روانی دانشجویان جهت تبیین و تدوین راه‌کارهای پرورشی و رفتاری در کارگاه معماری است. تحلیل و ارزیابی کیفی آموزش متوسطه از طریق انجام یک تمرین در میان جمعی متشکل از 35 دانشجوی مقدماتی معماری به شکلی نا محسوس انجام شده است. پرسش تحقیق در قالب درخواست طراحی یک «موزه تحصیلات متوسطه» از طریق طراحی و ترسیم لحظه به لحظه فضاهای موزه در برابر دانشجویان قرار گرفت. هدف پنهان این تمرین انشاء خاطرات، بیان احساسات و دریافت موضع دانشجویان نسبت به دوران تحصیلات متوسطه بود. برون‌داد تمرین، بیان نگرش دانشجویان از این دوران بود. با طراحی «موزه تحصیلات متوسطه» و تحلیل تصاویر ارایه شده توسط دانشجویان برخی از واقعیت‌های آموزش متوسطه در ایران و پاره‌ای از دلایل خستگی و افسردگی دانشجویان، هنگام ورود به دانشگاه آشکار گردید. این پژوهش در نهایت با تفسیر و آسیب‌شناسی گوشه‌هایی از آموزش دوره متوسطه، به ارایه راه‌کارهایی در آموزش معماری برای تخفیف آسیب‌ها و ترمیم فضای ذهنی و رفتاری دانشجویان می‌پردازد.}, keywords_fa = {آموزش متوسطه,آموزش معماری,راه‌کارهای پرورشی- رفتاری,کنکور}, url = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23972.html}, eprint = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23972_6852ffc0971d424f1a01266dbcbdc4b4.pdf} } @article { author = {Nadimi, Hamid}, title = {Apprenticeship Method, a Second View}, journal = {Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning}, volume = {2}, number = {44}, pages = {27-36}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Tehran College of Fine Arts}, issn = {2228-6020}, eissn = {2676-4318}, doi = {}, abstract = {The literature associated with Iran’s art and architecture in the past four decades has witnessed a handful number of works that have dealt with the re-interpretation of the old tradition of apprenticeship and its connection with the Fotovvat movement of the time. In those valuable works, what has duly been decoded most, is the spiritual and mystical aspect of apprenticeship, as a full-scale social, cultural and educational institution, which has successfully been holding the responsibility of the face to face conveyance of cultural-religious values, as well as techniques and skills of art, through generations. The unparalleled works of Persian art and architecture, and most of all, the continuance of its unique identity throughout history, is a testimony of the success of the above institution. It is worth mentioning that such an institution, and the religious culture governing it, is not exclusive to the Iranian society, but an outcome of the distinct spiritual attitude towards the universe, prevalent in all traditional societies. What the present paper is to put forward, is a different view to the apprenticeship method. From this viewpoint, apprenticeship is not seen only as a cultural spiritual institution of the old times, but more as an effective and efficient method of instruction in today’s professional education. Educational Psychology of the recent decades has taken steps towards re-discovering the properties and dimensions of apprenticeship as a method of instruction. To elucidate the author’s educational viewpoint, evidence will be given first, of the ever-increasing attention to the apprenticeship, referring to new theories of educational psychology, as well as practical endeavors made to adapt the method to today’s educational needs. Subsequently, a brief explanation of the re-interpretation of the method in Cognitive Psychology will follow. Branded as “cognitive apprenticeship”, the re-interpretation suggests six components or properties for the apprenticeship method; modeling, coaching, scaffolding, articulation, reflection, and exploration. Furthermore, in order to better substantiate the significance of apprenticeship, three important learning theories, whose findings would highlight the superior properties of apprenticeship will also be explained in brief. Those theories are; social learning, situated learning, and social constructivism. Scrutinizing the six-fold properties of cognitive apprenticeship reveals a rather overlooked component, which has to do with the human affective attributes, namely; opinions, attitudes, values and personality traits. Attitudes form a deeper layer of human’s affective domain, which is unveiled in human’s opinions- the prerequisite of behaviors, while having its roots in the still deeper layers of values and personality traits. Drawing on the more recent theorizing on transfer of learning, the paper highlights the decisive role of human affective attributes in the enhancement of learning transfer, as the core of an effective and efficient mode of professional education. In the end, taking the human affective attributes into account, the paper will conclude with presenting a modified model of apprenticeship, where the six cognitive components function as methods of master/apprentice interaction, while the human affective attributes, deeply rooted in personality traits, provide the motivational ground for the novice apprentice to transcend towards the master status.}, keywords = {Apprenticeship Method,Architectural Education,Attitude,learning transfer,Professional Skills}, title_fa = {روش استاد و شاگردی، از نگاهی دیگر}, abstract_fa = {در حاشیة کارهای ارزشمند چهار دهة اخیر در بازخوانی وجوه معنوی و عرفانی نظام استاد و شاگردی، این مقاله طرح نگاهی دیگر به روش استاد و شاگردی را دنبال می‌کند. در این نگاه دیگر، روش استاد و شاگردی نه فقط یک نهاد فرهنگی معنوی متعلق به گذشته بلکه بعنوان یک روش مؤثر و کارآمد امروزی در فرایند آموزش مهارت‌های حرفه‌ای به‌حساب می‌آید، روشی که روانشناسی آموزشی چند دهة اخیر، گام به گام به کشف دوبارة وجوه و حدود آن نائل گشته است. در تبیین این زاوی? نگاه آموزشی، پس از ذکر شواهدی از اهمیت یافتن روزافزون و نیز تلاش‌های انجام شده برای عملیاتی کردن اصول روش استاد و شاگردی در کاربردهای آموزشی روز، توجه دوبارة روانشناسی شناخت‌گرا به این روش و بازخوانی آن در قالب وجوه ششگان? مدلی با عنوان "روش استادوشاگردی شناختی" معرفی می‌شود. آنگاه با تبیین نظریه‌های مهمی که یافته‌های آنها بطور مستقیم یا غیرمستقیم معطوف به ویژگی‌های برتر روش استاد و شاگردی است، به "وجهی" که در مدل شناختی استاد و شاگردی مغفول مانده، یعنی وجه عاطفی انسان: نگرش‌ها، ارزش‌ها، و ویژگی‌های شخصیتی، اشاره می‌گردد. در بخش پایانی، ضمن ارائ? مدلی کامل‌تر شده‌، وجه عاطفی نیز از منظر روانشناسی آموزش مورد وارسی قرار گرفته و نقش و جایگاه آن‌ در کارآیی فرایند آموزش مهارت‌های حرفه‌ای برشمرده می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {آموزش معماری,انتقال یادگیری,روش استادوشاگردی,مهارت‌های حرفه‌ای,نگرش}, url = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23973.html}, eprint = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23973_761e3b2b81e0c262dcd02ff024e5b47e.pdf} } @article { author = {Heidari, Shahin and Ghafari Jabari, Shahla}, title = {Comfort Zone of Cold Climate in Iran}, journal = {Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning}, volume = {2}, number = {44}, pages = {37-42}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Tehran College of Fine Arts}, issn = {2228-6020}, eissn = {2676-4318}, doi = {}, abstract = {The process of constructing buildings is a complex activity, which has a variety of impacts on our environment, society and economy. Buildings provide shelter, encourage productivity, embody our culture and can create a great legacy for the future while at the same time establishing links with the past. But they also consume a huge share of our land, energy, water and material resources. Regarding the environmental factors, a built form is an artefact that acts as a transformer of the environmental conditions which are very often unsuitable for human life. Buildings do not control climate which, apart from the wind or sun shadow that they may cast, remains largely unaffected by them. But within, the building dose modifies the climate, creating internal conditions that come closer to those which the occupants find most comfortable. On the other hand there is a growing awareness and concern about the impact of human activities, such as industry, transport, and agricultural, on the Earth’s environment. Issues of global warming, climate change and ozone depletion are now common features of discussion. Linked to these topics are green issues and sustainability. It is not so well appreciated that for most countries the key contributors to environmental impact are buildings. The energy used to heat, light and ventilate buildings consumes nearly 50% of all the energy generated by a country. Buildings will stand for normally at least 70 years, and are obviously consuming energy for all of that period. A poorly designed, energy inefficient building has a potentially very long term impact, both on the building users and the environment. However, for a best result in architectural design, designer should attention to climatic condition on place in question. According to different climatic condition of Iran, it is surly needs to some consideration and revises the architectural design. Climatic consideration of buildings design in the cold climate is important. In this climate, since summer is very short and most of the times of winter air temperature are well below the comfort temperature, the main point is how we can find a proper solution for this difficulty. Thus, the main aim of this paper is to show how designer can be able to reduce the energy use in buildings by his/her design.As a sample for present study, climatic data of Tabriz is under consideration. Tabriz is one of the cold cities of Iran. This city is mostly cold with the low day temperatures of 1?C to maximum of 10?C or even less. Nights are very cool and the temperature dropping to the 0?C or less than it. Six or sometimes seven months in the winter are periods of rather harsh conditions of cold. Tabriz is selected for thermal analysis based on two software, first ASHRAE Comfort Win, second Meteonorm and in the other hand based on climatic data of the city for period of 10 years.The results show thermal crisis during cold periods, but we can achieve to reduce the energy use by passive systems. Although designer needs to active equipments in autumn and winter.}, keywords = {Cold climate,Comfort zone,Environmental Conditions,thermal analysis,Thermal performance}, title_fa = {منطقه راحتی حرارتی در اقلیم سرد و خشک ایران}, abstract_fa = {احساس انسان نسبت به محیط اطرافش از طریق بررسی همزمان عوامل اقلیمی چون درجه‌حرارت، رطوبت‌نسبی یا جریان هوا ممکن است. ترکیب این عوامل بر انسان تأثیر گذاشته و با آسایش فیزیکی او رابطه دارند. براساس منابع موجود در کشور، آزمایش‌ها و مطالعات بسیار اندکی که مشخص کننده شرایط مطلوب آسایش از نظر دما و رطوبت باشد انجام شده‌است. بدین منظور در این مقاله سعی شده تا به کمک تحلیل‌ها و داده‌های موجود، شرایط مطلوب هوای داخل ساختمان برای اقلیم سرد‌ و‌خشک به‌دست‌آید تا شروعی برای کارهای پژوهشی مشابه در اقلیم‌های دیگر باشد. به کمک تحلیل داده‌های موجود، شرایط مطلوب هوایی برای این اقلیم به دست‌ می‌آوریم تا معلوم می‌شود که در چه زمانی مشکلات حرارتی وجود داشته و بر اساس آن راهکارهای طراحی چگونه باید باشند. روش پژوهش بر اساس ثبت اطلاعات اقلیمی و اختصاصی در نرم افزار"اشری کامفورت" و اصلاح اطلاعات است. نتایج نشان می‌دهند دمای حداقلِ میدان مطالعه، همواره زیر حد پایین آسایش قرار داشته که در ماه‌های تابستانی اصلاح آن با عوامل اختصاصی ضروری‌است. در اوقات زمستانی تا اواسط بهار نیز استفاده از تجهیزات فعال ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. در این شرایط معمار باید تلاش کند بار مصرفی انرژی را به حداقل ممکن برساند.}, keywords_fa = {آنالیز‌حرارتی بنا,اقلیم سرد,تنظیم شرایط محیطی,طراحی منطبق با اقلیم,محدوده آسایش}, url = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23974.html}, eprint = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23974_a5a6b02dd9bb64b52c280f97e195530c.pdf} } @article { author = {Elyas Zadeh Moghadam, Seyed Nasr-e-Din and Zabetian Targhi, Elham}, title = {Recognition of the Effective Indices on Enhancing Women Security in the Public Spaces Using Participative Approach(Case Study: Central Part of Tehran City)}, journal = {Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning}, volume = {2}, number = {44}, pages = {43-56}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Tehran College of Fine Arts}, issn = {2228-6020}, eissn = {2676-4318}, doi = {}, abstract = {Safety is one of the life necessities and fundamental human rights and it is a prerequisite for improvement of people welfare and health. Safety improvement is in a direct relationship with mental calmness and also with senses of places to life environment. Although the importance of safety factors for everybody, researches show that sensitivity or safety level for some kinds of age and sex groups and also social and physical capabilities are different. Personality characteristics have important effect on the sense of peoples about the security. These characteristics are composed of age, sex, culture and so on. in urban public spaces, especially regarding to requirements of various groups, dimensions have more social importance. Among these factors, sexuality is the most dominant factor which has been considered particularly in this research. Fear of urban spaces cause demission from environment and damages citizen rights. Also urban planning can take various physical and social approaches about this subject. In this study, a major effort is paid to combine the physical and social approaches with precedence of co-operational process of the research. Space safety depends on surrounding land uses and it is necessary to think about a scheme that decreases negative influences of private and isolated land uses that are harmful. So after studying theoretical part(regarding to the novelty of topic and lack of the native pattern), studies based on world experiences have been analyzed and dimensions and indices of concept have been produced, The likrat spectrum is used in designing questionnaire and the examined indices are included in questions. The main hypothesis of the research is “ it seems that there are direct relationship between rate of women transportation and their safety in public space inter study zone”. The selected zone for operational studies includes central district of Tehran located in the sought of Imam Khomaini street which contains various land uses and activities. In other to analyze women safety sense exposed to main land uses, first of all, homogeneous land uses with similar functions are categorized in form of a map due to location. Then the average of women safety are calculated using T test in each zone. collected data are categorized and analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. In order to prove the main hypothesis of the research, the relationship between decreasing and increasing transportation and women s safety in study zone is evaluated. In fact Transportation security is an important and definitive factor in quantity and quality of using urban spaces. Women are considered to be a vulnerable stratum encountering unsafely. So their special analysis of transportation pattern in public urban spaces and enhancement of their security has an important role in efficiency increase and urban spaces activation. The results include enhancement of public transportation security, improvement of pedestrian's security and enhancement of women night transportation. Finally, analyzed indices present that with increasing necessary indices including legibility ,access to help services, surveillance to space(natural and artificial), familiarity level, Reputation of places and provision of night safety, safety have been promoted.}, keywords = {participation,public space,Urban safety,Women}, title_fa = {بررسی شاخص های برنامه ریزی شهری موثر در ارتقا امنیت زنان در فضاهای عمومی با رویکرد مشارکتی( نمونه موردی : بخش مرکزی شهر تهران)}, abstract_fa = {با توجه به اهمیت موضوع امنیت در سعادت انسان‌ها و آسیب‌پذیری ویژه زنان، موضوع امنیت شهری با رویکرد جنسیتی در این پژوهش بررسی شده است. روند کار شامل بررسی مبانی و تجارب مرتبط، مفهوم‌سازی، استخراج ابعاد و شاخص‌ها، اعمال آنها در قالب پرسشنامه(طیف لیکرت)، تعیین حجم نمونه و سنجش‌های آماری در محدوده‌ای به عنوان نمونه میدانی(جنوب خیابان امام‌خمینی) و در‌نهایت ارائه راهکار‌های پیشنهادی در طرح‌های شهری می‌باشد. فرضیه اصلی این پژوهش عبارتست "به نظر می‌رسد بین میزان تردد و احساس امنیت درک‌شده زنان در هر یک از فضاهای شهری رابطه مستقیمی وجود دارد ". که با استفاده از آزمون T میزان امنیت و تردد زنان در هریک از پهنه‌های محدوده مطالعات میدانی سنجیده شده و سپس رابطه بین آنها به تفکیک هر پهنه بررسی شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که هر‌چه میزان تردد زنان در پهنه‌های مورد‌مطالعه بیشتر بوده است میزان احساس امنیت بیشتری داشته‌اند. همچنین بررسی شاخص‌های مدل مفهومی تجربی حاکی است با افزایش میزان خوانایی و آشنایی فضا، ارتقای شهرت (خوشنامی و یا بدنامی) فضا‌ها، نظارت بر فضا و دسترسی به امداد، ارتقای حیات شبانه فضا و کارایی حمل‌و‌نقل عمومی میزان احساس امنیت درک شده از فضا افزایش می‌یابد.}, keywords_fa = {امنیت شهری,زنان,فضاهای عمومی,مشارکت}, url = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23975.html}, eprint = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23975_bb138ad9c285c9f8afb142c0c2221a1f.pdf} } @article { author = {Saghafi, Mohammad Javad and Khalaji Assadi, Morteza and Pooyandeh, Razieh}, title = {Optimum tilt angle of solar collectors and compare with collectors on the southern facade in Tehran}, journal = {Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning}, volume = {2}, number = {44}, pages = {57-64}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Tehran College of Fine Arts}, issn = {2228-6020}, eissn = {2676-4318}, doi = {}, abstract = {Nowadays two important discussions in academic parties all over the world are energy crisis and environment crisis. One of the strategies to deal with these crisises is using clean, renewable and domestic energy sources. One of the best renewable energies that can be used in different scales is solar energy. In Iran which is considered among the greatest countries that receive huge amount of solar radiation, it can take the best advantages of this free blessing. Solar energy can be used in two ways: direct and indirect (after convert to electricity). In buildings solar heating can be achieved by two methods: active (like using solar collectors) and passive (like using greenhouses). Solar collectors are widely used in buildings to take advantages of solar radiant and its heat directly. These collectors include an absorbent surface that receives heat of solar beam and diffuse radiation and transfers it to the intermediate fluid which transfers this heat where it must use. A solar combisystem that use solar heating to provide space heating and domestic hot water includes solar collector too. In this system heat that gains in solar collector, inters to hot water storage that act as a small auxiliary storage for space heating. The performance of a solar collector is highly influenced by its orientation and its tilt angle. This is due to this fact that orientation and tilt angle both change the solar radiation reaching the surface of collector. Generally, systems installed in the northern hemisphere are oriented due south. The other important parameter for optimum usage of these collectors is determination of appropriate tilt angle to the south that maximizes the absorption of solar radiation. Many investigations have been carried out to estimate the optimum tilt angle for solar systems. This paper deals with calculation of optimum tilt angle for solar collectors in Tehran (capital of Iran) in a mathematical model and discussion about it. For this purpose, monthly solar radiation on a flat solar collector calculates with different angles and results are compared and evaluated to select the optimum tilt angle for a solar combisystem. First, daily extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surface must calculate and then due to the number that obtained, monthly average clearness index can be achieved. Afterward proportion of diffuse radiation to total radiation should estimate. Then proportion of beam radiation on sloped surface to horizontal surface can calculate. Due to this number proportion of total radiation on sloped surface to horizontal surface calculates. At the end by multiply the obtained number to daily average radiation in each month, total radiation on sloped surface is calculated. These processes should be done for different angles from 0 to 90 degrees and finally results are compared with collectors that install on the southern facade (with 90 degrees in fact) and advantages of facade collectors for solar combisystem are expressed.}, keywords = {Combisystem,Optimum tilt angle,Radiation,Solar collector,Solar Energy,Southern Facade}, title_fa = {شیب بهینۀ گردآورهای خورشیدی و مقایسه با حالت نصب شده روی نمای جنوبی در تهران}, abstract_fa = {از مواردی که امروزه در محافل علمی جهان بیشتر مطرح می‌شود، بحران انرژی و نیز بحران محیط زیست است. یکی از راهکارهای مقابله با این بحران‌ها، به‌کار‌گیری انرژی‌های پاک و تجدیدپذیر و به خصوص انرژی خورشیدی است. گردآورهای خورشیدی از پر‌کاربردترین سامانه‌هایی هستند که در ساختمان‌ها برای بهره‌گیری مستقیم از انرژی تابشی خورشید و حرارت آن به‌کار گرفته می‌شود. در سامان? ترکیبی خورشیدی که از گرمای حاصل از انرژی خورشیدی برای تامین آب‌گرم مصرفی و گرمایش ساختمان بهره می‌گیرد نیز از این گردآورها استفاده می‌شود. یکی از مسائلی که برای استفاد? بهینه از این گردآورها بسیار مهم و حیاتی است، اتخاذ یک زاوی? شیب مناسب رو به جنوب است که حداکثر تابش دریافتی از خورشید را جذب نماید. آنچه این نوشتار در پی آن است، محاسب? زاوی? شیب بهین? گردآورهای خورشیدی برای شهر تهران با استفاده از یک الگوی ریاضی و بحث پیرامون آن است. بدین منظور تابش دریافتی ماهانه گردآور خورشیدی تخت، با زوایای گوناگون محاسبه شده و نتایج جهت انتخاب زاوی? شیب بهینه برای سامان? ترکیبی خورشیدی مقایسه و بررسی می‌شوند. در پایان نتایج با حالتی که گردآور روی نمای جنوبی ساختمان نصب شود، مقایسه و مزایای آن ذکر شده است.}, keywords_fa = {انرژی خورشیدی,تابش,زاویۀ بهینۀ شیب,سامانۀ ترکیبی خورشیدی,گردآور خورشیدی,نمای جنوبی}, url = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23976.html}, eprint = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23976_ef9481bf71c8cfb8fd4d1be25f5d3d23.pdf} } @article { author = {Ramezan Jamaat, Mina and Neyestani, Javad}, title = {The Manifestations of Modernity and Tradition in the Entrance Spaces of Houses in Tehran in Qajar Era}, journal = {Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning}, volume = {2}, number = {44}, pages = {65-76}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Tehran College of Fine Arts}, issn = {2228-6020}, eissn = {2676-4318}, doi = {}, abstract = {The Qajar era is of great importance in the socio-political history and in the history of architecture of Tehran, because it was in this era that Tehran became the capital of Iran and turned into a big city, and then, because of its specific architecture, paved the way for some great changes in the architecture of Iran. The Qajar era is a period of contradiction in architectural values and attitudes, and consequently, an era of diversity of trends, principles and methods in architecture and urbanization. These diversity and contradictions, which are the result of different domestic and foreign factors (such as the specific culture of the Qajar era, relationship with Europe, the influence of the foreigners, the feeling of inferiority to the West, the return of the Iranian architects who had studied in Europe, the presence of European engineers in Iran, the introduction of European styles of architecture, etc), different approaches of tradition and modernity and gradual changes in Tehran, are manifested in residential architecture more than anywhere else, and they engendered diversity and difference in the unvarying structure of houses in Tehran. This diversity is reflected in all parts and elements of houses, from the entrance spaces to the internal spaces; however, since the entrance space is a part of the façade and is highly conspicuous, the changes in this part are more tangible and the analysis of its structural and decorative characteristics, as key factors in the outward form of the city, is of greater importance. What is significant here is that although the aforesaid changes incorporate all elements and decorations of the entrance space, they exert the major influence on the entrance spaces of the houses of a group of people in society, and not only has the extent of this influence on the various details of entrances been quite different, but also its kind differs from one house to another house and from one neighborhood to another neighborhood. By analyzing these differences we might be able to sketch out some prominent features of different entrance spaces, and based on it, study the dominant style of the entrance spaces in different neighborhoods of Tehran, and, consequently, the residential architecture of city. For this purpose, the authors of this article conducted a field research and examined the houses built in different districts of Tehran in this era. In this study 80 Qajar houses were examined and documented in various districts of Tehran such as Udlajan, Chal Meidan, Bazar, Sanglaj, Arg/Dolat and, also, the northern districts of the city. After the initial study, 40 houses were selected to be fully illustrated in the table at the end of the article. It can be claimed that different styles are adopted in the entrance spaces of houses in Tehran of the Qajar era which, depending on the architecture of the house, time, location, local texture, and the social and economic status of the owner, are clear manifestations of tradition, modernity or a combination of both, with slight differences in their application.}, keywords = {entrance,House,Modernity,Qajar,TEHRAN,Tradition}, title_fa = {جلوه های سنت و تجدد در فضاهای ورودی خانه های تهران دوره قاجار}, abstract_fa = {دوره قاجار، دوره تضاد در ارزش ها و اندیشه‌های معمارانه، و تنوع در گرایش ها و شیوه‌های معماری شهری است. این تنوع و تضاد که متأثر از عوامل گوناگون و رویکردهای مختلف سنت و تجدد است، بیش از همه، در حوزه معماری مسکونی نمود پیدا می کند و ساختار یکنواخت خانه های شهر را به عرصه تفاوت می کشاند. تفاوتی که در تمامی اجزاء تشکیل دهنده یک خانه، از فضای ورودی تا فضاهای داخلی رخ می نماید؛ اما بدین خاطر که فضاهای ورودی، نمودی بیشتر در معماری دارد، تحولات رخ داده در این بخش، ملموس تر و بررسی ویژگی های ساختاری و تزیینی آنها از اهمیتی دو چندان برخوردار است. در این میان، موضوع قابل توجه این است که تحول مذکور، بر فضاهای ورودی خانه های گروهی از جامعه تأثیرگذار بوده و حتی نوع این تأثیرگذاری، از محله ای به محله دیگر متفاوت بوده است؛ گرچه از این طریق، شاید بتوان شاخصه های بارزی را برای انواع فضاهای ورودی تعیین نمود و سبک غالب ورودی ها را ارزیابی کرد. بدین ترتیب می توان گفت خانه های تهران دوره قاجار، سبک های گوناگونی در فضاسازی ورودی داشته که هر یک، جلوه هایی از سنت، تجدد یا تلفیقی از آنها را به نمایش گذاشته است.}, keywords_fa = {تجدد,تهران,خانه,سنت,قاجار,ورودی}, url = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23977.html}, eprint = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23977_cca42a1a601de9d8552d193371e811b6.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahmoodi, Seyed Amir Saeid}, title = {Architectural Programming, A Necessity for Design}, journal = {Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning}, volume = {2}, number = {44}, pages = {77-85}, year = {2010}, publisher = {University of Tehran College of Fine Arts}, issn = {2228-6020}, eissn = {2676-4318}, doi = {}, abstract = {Architectural programming, as a realm in the design process, is considered to be one of the most valuable assets of the design research. Through the use of architectural programming, a designer becomes familiar with different issues of the project and establishes his/her goals to produce an appropriate design solution. An ideal design solution requires a thorough understanding about the needs of the users, the environment, and the context of the project. An architectural programmer utilizes these data in a systematic order to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate design ideas. Although articles and discussions about architectural programming did not start formally until the latter part of the 1960’s, during the discussions about demolishing the Pruitt Igoe residential project, one could suggest that programming has always been part of the design process throughout the history of architecture. This article reviews different characteristics of programming and its benefits for the design process. Four major benefits of programming include: 1- earlier time to design, 2- more efficient use of sources, 3- diminishing mistakes, 4- the correct use of man and environmental forces. The article also introduces a case study conducted by 22 graduate students of architecture at the University of Tehran, using Donna Duerk’s programming model on a project: Revitalizing A City Block on Enghelab Street - between the Enghelab Square and the Vali-Asr Intersection - in Tehran. For their studies, students started with a research to identify the shortcomings of that street to respond to the physical as well as perceptual needs of the users. Different issues were examined and three categories were developed: 1- Circulation: looking at pedestrian as well as vehicular issues; 2- The built environment (investigating about the problems with building facades, land-use planning, and the lack of green spaces); 3- The natural environment (considering the macro as well as micro climatic issues). In order to use Duerk’s model, students were required to introduce a “mission”, set some “goals” to overcome the identified problems, and investigate about the “performance requirement” (PR) necessary to reach those goals, and produce some “concepts” to provide an architectural solution for each PR. In Duerk’s model, a “mission” defines the special purpose that a project must fulfill; a project “goal” relates only to the outcome desired for the project; a “performance requirement” is a statement about the measurable level of function that a designed object must provide for a goal to be met; and a “concept” is an idea about the appropriate relationship between parts of a project. Considering the growing number of issues facing an architectural problem today, programming could be used as a systematic tool to mange those issues and produce appropriate solutions. The author recommends that since the use of programming could enhance the quality of architectural design, schools of architecture, particularly in Iran, should include such programming courses in their undergraduate as well as graduate curriculums.}, keywords = {Architectural Programming,concepts,design process,Design Research,Goals,Performance Requirements}, title_fa = {برنامه‌دهی معماری، یک ضرورت برای طراحی}, abstract_fa = {امروزه مابین فعالیت‌های متعدد در طراحی پژوهی معماری، "برنامه‌دهی" به عنوان یکی از مراحل فرآیند طراحی محسوب می‌شود که توسط آن طراح با موضوع و اهداف یک پروژه‌ی طراحی بخصوص در زمینه‌ی نیازهای استفاده‌کنندگان، محیط و بستر پروژه آشنا می‌گردد و به صورتی نظام‌مند این اطلاعات و ایده‌های مناسب را در سطوح مختلف مراحل طراحی به کار می‌گیرد. اگرچه توجه به مقوله‌ی "برنامه‌دهی معماری" از اواخر دهه‌ی 1960 میلادی در حرفه و مراکز آموزش معماری مطرح شد، ولی با تأمل بر روی فعالیت آن می‌توان ادعا نمود که "برنامه‌دهی" در طول تاریخ جدا از "طراحی" معماری نبوده است. این مقاله ضمن معرفی ویژگی‌های "برنامه‌دهی معماری"، به معرفی بخشی از مطالعات و تجربیات آموزشی نگارنده با دانشجویان دوره کارشناسی ارشد معماری دانشگاه تهران در قالب یک نمونه موردی، "به‌سازی بخشی از محور خیابان انقلاب حدفاصل میدان انقلاب و چهارراه ولی‌عصر (عج)"، می‌پردازد. توجه به مزایای "برنامه‌دهی"، به‌خصوص در شرایط حاضر اقتصادی و حرفه‌ای در کشور، می‌تواند نقش بسزایی در پیشرفت حرفه‌ی معماری داشته و معماری کشور را یک گام نزدیک‌تر به سوی ایجاد "معماری خوب" بنماید. در این میان ضرورت دارد که برنامه‌ریزان آموزشی، به جایگاه صحیح بحث "برنامه‌دهی معماری" پی برده و برگزاری دروسی در این زمینه را در سطوح مختلف کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد معماری در دستور کار قرار دهند.}, keywords_fa = {اهداف,برنامه‌دهی معماری,ضروریات عملکردی,طراحی پژوهی,فرآیند طراحی,کانسپت}, url = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23978.html}, eprint = {https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_23978_a0b7cb70b3ffa2d143c0fa2661e18a05.pdf} }