An Analytical Comparison of Drawing by Hand and Computer in Architectural Design Process
Afra
Gharibpour
Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2014
per
The importance of drawing by hand in architectural design process is undoubtedly clear. Nevertheless, different computer software for drawing and designing in the field of architecture are growing rapidly and the confrontation of these two different types of drawing has become an important subject of discussion, which needs to be addressed analytically. This article attempts to analyze the use and benefits of computer-aided drawing in architectural design while revising the concept of hand drawing and its role in architectural design process. The author has concluded that focusing on the nature of drawing by hand and computer and the role of each in the process of designing can make it possible to create more clear perspective concerning the predominance of drawing by hand or computer in architectural design process. Thus, the article has three parts. In the first part, the concept and goals of drawing, its different types and uses in three major phases of design process - i.e. Recording, Data Analysis and Designing - are revised. This study shows that drawing by hand has proven its proficiency through different activities used in three main phases of design process; while in some skills it seems to be time and energy consuming, there are some other skills in which drawing plays a key role in the creative process of designer’s mind. In the second part, the concept of computer-aided drawing and its different applications in the field of architectural drawing is briefly revised and the role of drawing with computer is studied in the same three steps of architectural design process. The result shows that the efficiency of computer drawing software in different phases is variable. Drawing by computer is more efficient in time and energy consuming skills such as data analysis, producing comparative alternatives, technical drawing, and final visualization, while in skills dealing mostly with creative process of mind, computer software cannot rival the human mind. Finally, in the third part, the role of drawing by hand and computer are compared. This comparison shows that in different skills applied in design process, drawing by hand is more useful in those which are in close relation with creative process of mind, while in skills related to complicated analysis and visualization, drawing by computer is more advantageous. Thus, drawing by hand and computer can make an efficient combinational system in which computer can play its integrated role in the hands of designer. The deductive conclusion is that the analytical study of the role of drawing in design process is necessary for achieving the result; if computer be considered as a tool serving designer in his creative mind for realizing his new ideas, its true role and position in architectural design process will be clarified. The result of this study provides a theoretical basis for facing the use of various new computer software in the field of architectural drawing and tries to lead it towards combination with hand skills to achieve the final goals of architectural design.
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning
University of Tehran
College of Fine Arts
2228-6020
19
v.
1
no.
2014
5
14
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55370_7fea81885fe891674b95e1702597ed11.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2014.55370
Finding Relationship between Sense of Place and Place Attachment in Student Dormitory
Ali Akbar
Heidari
Faculty member, School of Engineering, Yasooj University
author
Ghasem
Motalebi
Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
author
Fateme
Nekoeimehr
Master Student of Architecture, International Payam Noor University of Asalooye, Asalooye
author
text
article
2014
per
Individuals create different links through their interaction with environment. During this connection, unknown spaces become places by meanings which people attach to them. It seems that the meaning, play an important role in sense which people percept from a place. In environment psychology, concepts such as sense of place and place attachment investigate as an emotional relationship between people and places. In fact, the meanings which people percept from different places define these two concepts. Sense of place is a mental concepts of people and their feelings about a special environment that put people into internal relation to that environment. It change a typical space to place with special behavior and sensory characteristics for certain people. Sense of place effect on individual behaviors, social values and people attitudes. People usually participate in social activities according to their sense of places. So it could be assumed that the sense of place is being created when the person encounters with a place for the first time. In this case, the sense is divided into two Categories: positive and negative feelings. Negative feeling about a place lead to disgusting of the place and the positive sense about a place lead to formation of place attachment. It refer to emotional and functional bonds between place and people. In other word place attachment is a symbolic relationship with the place which is formed by giving the emotional meanings and common sense to a particular place or territory. In fact a positive experience of place is the consequence of positive beliefs and emotions that individuals create in their interaction with place and giving meaning to it. However, the relationship between the two is not sufficiently explained. This paper first defines the concepts of sense of place and place attachment and then investigates the factors affecting them. Next, a four-factor model is developed from all factors affecting these two concepts as the theoretical framework of the study. This model was piloted in Eram and Qods dormitories of Shiraz University. In the process of testing, in-depth interview and questionnaires were used to collect data. SPSS software was used in order to analyze the results of surveys. After the questionnaires were administered and collected, the data were processed using descriptive and inferential statistics. At descriptive level, relative frequency and cumulative distribution were used. At inferential level, due to the nature of variables, correlation coefficient, regression and comparison of means tests were used. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between the sense of place and place attachment. If the sense of place is considered as the initial feeling when an individual faces with a place, place attachment is the positive emotional feeling toward the place. The results also showed that physical factors of the environment are important in creating both sense of place and place attachment. The time factor has the lowest degree of significance in creating sense of place. However, in creation of place attachment, the time factor is the second most important factor after physical factor.
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning
University of Tehran
College of Fine Arts
2228-6020
19
v.
1
no.
2014
15
22
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55372_490405ca02727c8742ff40bd6e60fb0f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2014.55372
Studying Roles of Government, Public, and Architects in Emersion of Low-rise Housing Complexes During the Second Pahlavi Period
Hamed
Talebi
M.A, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
author
Eesa
Hojjat
Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran
author
Mohammad
farzian
Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2014
per
Political, social, and economic spheres of Iran underwent extensive changes during the Pahlavi period. These evolutions brought about far-reaching cultural, population, and physical effects. In this period, centralization, immigration, and development policies led to an increasing growth in the population of Tehran and consequently housing emerged in the capital. While the small-scale constructions were not sufficient to resolve the problem, several unprecedented low-rise housing complexes called “Kooy”s were built in Tehran’s suburbs based on the principles of modern urbanization during 1940s-1970s AD (1320s-1350s SH).Characteristics such as project-based housing complex building, applying the principles of modern urbanization, new building patterns, and relying upon new ways of dwelling were seen in these complexes.Thus, this research aims to identify factors that led to the development of such new approach. Is just studying the evolutions of architecture during this period sufficient for answering this question? This question directs the research towards an analysis of the potential role of the advocates and users of these complexes.Thus government, public, and architects have been considered as the factors which contributed to the emersion of this approach, their roles in the emersion and acceptance of that have been explored. The study revealed that modernism in the Pahlavi period was the common feature and cause of alignment of these three factors in the course of the development of this approach.Undertaking the task of alimentation and modernization by the Pahlavi modernist government engendered a new middle class, promoted a new lifestyle amongst people, engaged the government in the arena of housing and its espousal of modern architecture, and opened the way for emersion and reception of “Kooy”s.Furthermore, the spread of modernism among the public through changing their taste led to the acceptance of modern lifestyle and consequently of modern architecture. In addition, the arena of architecture through its new functions as well as the new architectural taste of the public has opened the way for a new architecture and its modernist architects designed new housing complexes by adopting western housing patterns. In these complexes, a wide range of Houses and Low-rise apartments were built. Residential units were simple or complex according to users’ needs and gradually moved away from traditional building patterns towards modern ones. Over time, the tendency to apartment building in these complexes increased and some apartment units were added to former complexes. For building these units, new methods of construction such as prefabrication were used.Hence, these complexes promoted a mass of symbols of modern architecture in the housing arena and were laid as a basis for building medium and high Rise complexes in following periods. This process occurred gradually as government, society, and architects were getting prepared, and as a result, an architectural style was created which had been learnt by modern architects, supported by government and regarded as an updated product by public. The study showed that a common will and convergence of government, public, and architects is necessary in order that a large-scale architectural evolution to take place
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning
University of Tehran
College of Fine Arts
2228-6020
19
v.
1
no.
2014
23
32
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55373_666b558575e472ce8831fb50bebc2b57.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2014.55373
Reconstruction of the Qajar Dynasty Tabriz Daralsaltanat Governmental Palaces, According to Historical Documents
Lida
Balilan Asl
Assistant Professor, Department of Art &Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch
author
Sanaz
Khorshidian Ahmar
MA, Department of Art & Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch
author
Dariush
Sattarzadeh
Assistant Professor, Department of Art & Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch
author
Maryam
Nouri
MA, Department of Art &Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch
author
text
article
2014
per
The city of Tabriz was one of the most important and historical cities of Iran which had a pre-Islamic background. This city was one of the main center of Azarbayjan in the most historical era and it had been capital in some era like Ilkhanian, Gharaghoyonlu, Agh ghoyonlu and even early of Safavi era. Historical background and continuous efforts residents of Tabriz cause to infrastructure some sort of urban and architecture spaces, unfortunately few relic of them has remained. During the reign of Fath-Ali Shah, Tabriz had been the city of crown princes and the second big city in the country, more over It had been being one of the main political centers also Significant governmental building and palaces were built in this era. Architecture and urban spaces was destructed by lots of natural and artificial factors. Based on research of Yahya Zaka, the earthquakes on 1708 was severe that had not left even an inch of wall’s height. This happening caused to lose the old spatial organization and structure of city in Safavi era, after that new structure in Qajar era had been established by Najaf Gholi Khan Biglar Beigi’ s construction. Reconstruction of the city was built by the people again after the last destruction and damaging.After the last ruined, the renewed structure of the city begin by the people. So with this formation new battlement or the last one begin to construct and it finished on 1809. According to extant illustrated documents, the complex of governmental palaces of Tabriz Daralsaltanat was one of the most worth and unique construction which had been built in Qajar era. It had been located in the center of the city and east side of Tabriz Bazar with area of nearly 7.5 hectare. Governmental palaces containing of spaces like Divankhaneh, Shamsolemareh, Jobbe khaneh, Toop khaneh, Haram khaneh, Moallem khaneh was existing as one of the main spaces of Tabriz Darolsaltanat until late Qajar era, however, it was ruined and disappeared by new construction in the early first Pahlavi era. The building of governmental palaces, Melli Bank and organization of Economic Affairs and finance were located instead of the exquisite collection. Whereas, there isn’t any research about how had been the spatial structure and architecture of governmental palaces in Qajar era, this article is the first proceeding to recognize and study the architectural trait of this place. The main question is when the governmental palaces of Tabriz Daralsaltanat was built, what changes it had been had and what spaces it had been included? Therefore, the purpose of this article is Reconstruction of the Qajar dynasty Tabriz Daralsaltanat governmental palaces, according to documents such as historical maps, some existent photos of late Qajar ceremony and finally historical manuscripts. The results indicate that the complex of governmental palaces built after the earthquakes on 1679 happened and it had been being existed until late Qajar. Hence, the governmental spatial structure will be going to exposure after reconstruction of the complex over a period of 150 years.
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning
University of Tehran
College of Fine Arts
2228-6020
19
v.
1
no.
2014
33
42
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55374_84821a83a1739d239eafc4dca9642808.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2014.55374
On the Streets of Istanbul / Re-Imagining Tehran
Istiklal Avenue (Istanbul) vs. Laleh Zaar Avenue (Tehran)
Majid
Mansoor Rezaee
1MA. of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Tehran
author
Atoosa
Modiri
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Tehran
author
text
article
2014
per
Joan Didion said “A place belongs forever to whoever claims it hardest, remembers it most obsessively, wrenches it from itself, shapes it, renders it, loves it so radically that he remakes it in his own image.” Society provides a vast space for the everyday to take place in different forms and natures for different people experiencing it. When there falls a gap between the tangible (objective) and the intangible (subjective), is when the city is reduced to merely a stage. A stage that causes no thought, no intellectuality and no sense of identity or belonging. This is when the tangible and the intangible go their own ways in opposite directions. This is when man is lost. In experiencing notions of ‘space’ and therefore ‘place’, man has always been involved in a dialectic relationship in which on one hand he has always been in need of the passage of time and hence experience, and on the other hand he has re imagined and therefore attempted to reconstruct time through devices of memory. Thus public space has become the shared ground for man and time to join and bring to life the notions of experience and memory in both an individual and collective manner. Lefebvre (1991) argues that city plans exist as representations of space while at the same time urban space itself is constituted by special practices of everyday life. Public space (including street, street market, community center and park) is a vital part of everyday urban life. Public space is open to all, regardless of ethnic origin, age or gender and there isn’t limited time for using it. Different age groups tend to use public spaces at different times of day and for different reasons. People spend time in the public space without spending money. Modern and even classic urban' literature portray the importance of shared spaces in the creation of the notions mentioned above. Williamson (1986) claimed that “The streets stand for shared existence, a common understanding”. The street therefore becomes significant not only from a spatial point of view but as a base and a script for the stimulation of experience and memory. Therefore for Tehran, a metropolis countering this process through a loss and erosion of its public spaces, its streets become the voice of its existence. Through individual storytelling and first hand studies and phenomenology, this paper seeks to draw parallels between two scripts (streets) from Istanbul [Istiklal Avenue] and Tehran [Laleh Zaar Avenue], two cities that share elements from their histories, religion and cultures. It will search for different notions and different means of presenting the everyday and their outcomes as products of different yet simultaneous trails of modernity. The Tehran script will serve as a living entity in coma, and the Istanbul script will examine its existence as a dynamic body moving forward in time.
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning
University of Tehran
College of Fine Arts
2228-6020
19
v.
1
no.
2014
43
56
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55376_7e890da759f0022317b89261251192a7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2014.55376
Devising a Knowledge Management Framework for Integrated Policy-Making in Tehran
Zohreh
A. Daneshpour
Professor, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Design and Urban & Regional Planning, ShahidBeheshti University (SBU), Tehran,
author
Vahide
Ebrahimnia
Candidate of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Design and Urban & Regional Planning, ShahidBeheshti University (SBU), Tehran
author
Asrin
Mahmoudpour
PhD Candidate of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Design and Urban & Regional Planning, ShahidBeheshti University (SBU), Tehran
author
text
article
2014
per
Justification for integration of various metropolitan policies is the existence of varied and multiple policy-makers involved in metropolitan planning and policy-making, depicting the complex and insoluble problems of communication of information and knowledge: policy-makers stay uninformed of the aims, agendas, plans and policies of other decision/policy-makers. As a result the generated aims, decisions, policies and plans become disintegrated, contradictory and unreasonably rival and conflicting rather than progressing towards a co-ordinated and participating course of affairs. A vital source of devising any mechanism for achieving integration is knowledge-base and knowledge management. Correspondingly, a major challenge in metropolitan policy-making processes is the lack of accurate, available and integrated information base or a decision support system suitable to enable the integrated policy-making and the adoption of a spatial approach of metropolitan planning. Tehran – as a metropolis – has a multiplicity of decision-makers, policy-makers or participants in its course of change indicating a diverse and incompatible set of aims and policies that retort to the individual, group and institutional inconsistencies which perpetually produces unresolved disintegration. To overcome incoordination and disintegration in Tehran, a changed context of policy-making isindispensable. In the planning and management of Tehran no record of research or policy-making explicitly related either to the knowledge management or to integrated policy-making can be traced and this is an area which this paper has intended to contend with. Thispaperdiscussesthe importance ofshifting the emphasis from traditional urbanplanning to spatial or multi-dimensional metropolitan planning approaches and from using formal information and expertise knowledge toachanged methodological frameworkwithinwhich change extends the traditional to spatial metropolitan planning approach by adopting the urbanknowledge systemsthat arein accordance withthe principlesof knowledge management and knowledge-based policy-making. The purpose extends to tracing the diverse - though related - dimensions and aspects of integration in policy making to devise a conceptual framework to facilitate integration and sharing of knowledge amongst concerned actors accompanied by an integrated policy-making as against sectoral, fragmented and disintegrated policy-making stance. A dual descriptive-analytic and analytic-prescriptive method has been adopted. First, subsequent to the basic descriptions, the level of consistency and sharing of information used in policy-making in Tehran is traced and analyzed. Second, a qualitative content analysis method is adapted to be applied in the analysis of integration from the standpoint of knowledge management in policy-making in Tehran. The analytic-prescriptive path devises a method and a framework to achieve the assumed aims in a way in which if adopted and the appropriate support systems are prepared, the knowledge, information and policy integration in Tehran would be realized. Through establishing such an integrated knowledge base framework for integrated policy-making, broad problems as depletion of resources and duplication of efforts would be overpowered, condensed or curtailed. Linking the dual concepts of knowledge management and integrated policy-making in the planning and policy-making processes of a metropolitan area such as Tehran.
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning
University of Tehran
College of Fine Arts
2228-6020
19
v.
1
no.
2014
57
70
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55378_c18d48acb6560b3e3e0f92ef0872153a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2014.55378
Post Occupancy Evaluation: An Educational Goal and Tool in Architecture
Seyed Amir Saeid
Mahmoodi
Associate Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
author
Masoud
Nari Ghomi
Ph.D. Student, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran
author
text
article
2014
per
Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) involves systematic evaluation of opinion about buildings in use, from the perspective of the people who use them. It assesses how well buildings match users' needs, and identifies ways to improve building design, performance and fitness for purpose. POE is an established task of architects in some parts of the world which requires a special attention, not only for its usefulness for improvement of quality of future designs, but also for its potential to enhance the traditional methods of evaluation which have been used in architectural education. In order for POE to be applied in the profession of architecture in Iran, there is a serious need for specialists in providing services in the areas of interviewing, inspecting, and developing behavioral maps. Therefore, there is a need to review the educational curriculum to get the young students trained to provide such services. In addition, there is a good possibility to provide the necessary knowledge about POE through the social channels. These methods could be categorized in four types: 1. Case Method; 2. Problem Based Learning (PBL); 3. Service-Based Education; and 4. Community Design Education. This paper focuses on the possible means of reviewing the curriculum and exercises for architectural technical schools. It uses the results of a research conducted in a vocational school in the city of Gum from 2010-2013. According to the authors’ research about the technicians educational curriculum throughout the past four years, there is an excellent potential to introduce POE educational materials in their educational package. In this research, four steps were taken with regards to improving students’ abilities to become acquainted to POE in design studios, they included: 1. Providing an alternative form of projects for design studios; 2. Developing an appropriate form of conducting studio sessions through group projects and group critiques; 3. Developing an evaluation method ('naturalistic method'); and 4. Developing an educational method for measuring building quality (the selected tool was Design Quality Indicator (DQI) used in the UK). The results of the experiments throughout one semester of research could be introduced in three phases: Phase1. Introducing POE to the instructors. The results in this phase indicated that there is a need for training the instructors to believe the process and also, there is a need for students to have more research oriented exercises in their course works; Phase 2. Preparatory steps for acquiring required skills such as: behavioral mapping, interviewing, and etc. through field work and site visits. The results in this phase indicated that student’s knowledge should be increased in previous exercises and there is a serious need for well-advised field trips. ; Phase 3. Performing POE for the visited projects. The results in this phase indicated that there is a need to improve some research techniques (i.e. preparing questionnaires) among students and educators. This study showed that such a new task for education and the profession of architecture in Iran could be successful only if there is enough cooperation within the educational environment. This cooperation requires instructors understanding and belief about POE and developing an interaction between POE related courses with design projects.
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning
University of Tehran
College of Fine Arts
2228-6020
19
v.
1
no.
2014
71
82
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55379_86fe6ecfb1f8a389d0106cb9da9b423e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2014.55379
Education of Sustainable Architecture or Sustainable Education of Architecture
Mohammad
Iranmanesh
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman
author
Elham
Khajehpour
Lecturer, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman
author
text
article
2014
per
There is a strong interest to sustainability in contemporary architectural literature. So, a deep rethinking and review seem to be necessary for the sake of purification and improvement of sustainability discourse. In academic scale, there is a duplicated necessity. As education is a momentous field with important influences on professional world of architecture, any misunderstanding about sustainability in architectural education infects architectural activities and built environment. On the contrary, an accurate sense of understanding about sustainability in architecture can help the community toward sustainable development. Unlike traditional Persian architecture, in recent architecture of Iran a type of fake sustainability is usually seen instead of truly authentic accuracy of it. In other words, traditional Persian architecture contain essential and substantial concepts of sustainability tacitly and implicitly, because sustainable architecture essentially has been the natural result of "sustainable wisdom", " sustainable organic life", "ecological sensitivity" and will occur only when a true native tendency toward the soul of sustainability exists in common sense and lifestyle of the community. Some terms like "indigenous knowledge", "local knowledge", "tacit knowing", should not be forgotten, ought to grasp some epistemic bases of sustainable architecture. while contemporary architecture of Iran only contains an extremely quantitative and humble use of sustainability term. This real problem is invested in this paper, tending to some educational strategies toward a justified sustainability in architectural education. So, initially the significant difference of two terms is discussed: "education of sustainable architecture" and "sustainable education of architecture; proving validity and accuracy of the second. In "sustainable education of architecture", some key properties and dimensions within educational strategies and tactics lead the student implicitly to the basic senses of understanding sustainability, sustainable responsibility, and consequently sustainable architecture. Then the true meaning of "sustainable architecture" will be purified from fake suppositions about it. Sustainable architecture is not a "style", not an "option", not a disguise, nor any accidental phenomenon, but is an essential entity living in the soul of ontologic, epistemic and pragmatic characteristics of an architecture. Then, some propositions in a hierarchic set contains three concepts, six strategic attitudes and six educational advice will be presented to make easy earning a true sustainable education of architecture. The concepts are: inclusivity, completeness and unity. These concepts should be the dominant leading regulator of mental space in academic environment, to avoid some syndrome like partialism, sentimentalism, immaturity and dispersion which are frequently negative intervening factor of architectural education. Some of strategies are nativism, inclusivism, contextualism and attention to affordances and basic patterns, balance between architectural intensions and extensions, accordance of logical and intuitional orientations, existed experiences about environment. Educational advice are also based to this concepts and strategies, so as educators can help students to earn themselves true soul of sustainability in mind and action, trending to an authentic sustainable architecture. Furthermore A pluralistic approach is necessary to contain cultural diverse, not to suppose sustainability as a blind formulated mechanism. Accurate attention to significant characteristics of culture, lifestyle, values and climates should be regarded in architectural education.
Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning
University of Tehran
College of Fine Arts
2228-6020
19
v.
1
no.
2014
83
92
https://jfaup.ut.ac.ir/article_55380_b961655cede5dcb5b506ab3de3258860.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2014.55380